Cultural geography is a sub-field within
human geography. Cultural geography is the study of cultural products and norms and their variations across and relations to spaces and places. It focuses on describing and analyzing the ways language, religion, economy, government and other cultural phenomena vary or remain constant, from one place to another and on explaining how humans function spatially.
Areas of study
thumb|right|250px|Globalization and Mall Culture in JakartaThe areas of study of cultural geography are very broad. Among many applicable topics within the field of study are:
- Globalization has been theorised as an explanation for cultural convergence.
- Cultural areal differentiation, as a study of differences in way of life encompassing ideas, attitudes, languages, practices, institutions and structures of power and whole range of cultural practices in geographical areas.
History
Though the first traces of the study of different nations and cultures on
Earth can be dated back to ancient geographers such as
Ptolemy or
Strabo, cultural geography as academic study firstly emerged as an alternative to the
environmental determinist theories of the early Twentieth century, which had believed that people and societies are controlled by the
environment in which they develop. Rather than studying pre-determined regions based upon environmental classifications, cultural geography became interested in
cultural landscapes. This was led by
Carl O. Sauer (called the father of Cultural geography), at the
University of California, Berkeley. As a result, cultural geography was long dominated by
American writers.
Sauer defined the landscape as the defining unit of geographic study. He saw that cultures and societies both developed out of their landscape, but also shaped them too. This interaction between the 'natural' landscape and humans creates the 'cultural landscape'. Sauer's work was highly
qualitative and descriptive and was surpassed in the 1930s by the
regional geography of
Richard Hartshorne, followed by the
quantitative revolution. Cultural geography was generally sidelined, though writers such as David Lowenthal continued to work on the concept of landscape.
In the 1970s, the critique of positivism in geography caused geographers to look beyond the quantitative geography for its ideas. One of these re-assessed areas was also cultural geography.
New cultural geography
Since the 1980s, a "new cultural geography" has emerged, drawing on a diverse set of theoretical traditions, including
Marxist political-economic models,
feminist theory,
post-colonial theory,
post-structuralism and
psychoanalysis.
Drawing particularly from the theories of
Michel Foucault and
performativity, in western academia and the more diverse influences of
postcolonial theory, there has been a concerted effort to
deconstruct the cultural in order to make apparent the various power relations. A particular area of interest is that of
identity politics and construction of identity.
Examples of areas of study include:
Some within the 'new cultural geography' have turned their attention to critiquing some of its ideas, seeing its views on identity and space as static. It has followed the critiques of Foucault made by other '
poststructuralist' theorists such as
Michel de Certeau and
Gilles Deleuze. In this area,
non-representational geography and
population mobility research have dominated. Others have attempted to incorporate these critiques back into the new cultural geography.
See also
