The Duchy of Estonia (, ), also known as Swedish Estonia, (Swedish: Svenska Estland) was a dominion of Swedish Empire from 1561 until 1721, when it was ceded to Russia in the Treaty of Nystad, following the outcome in the Great Northern War. The dominion arose when the northern parts of present-day Estonia were united under Swedish rule in 1561. The city of Reval and the counties of Harjumaa, Western Virumaa, Raplamaa and Järvamaa surrendered in 1561, and Läänemaa was conquered in 1581. It is also colloquially known as the "good old Swedish times" () by Estonians, but this expression was not used before the following Russian rule, in the beginning of which the situation of Estonian peasantry declined rapidly (to gain support of German nobility, Russia gave them more power over peasantry).

Head of Dominion

Governors (1561–1674)

• Lars Ivarsson Fleming Friherre of Nynäs, from Sundholm (August 2 1561 – February 27 1562)

• Klaus Christiern Horn of Åminne (acting) (August 1561)

• Henrik Klasson Horn from Kankas (1st time) (February 27 1562 – June 1562)

• Svante Stensson Sture (June 30 1562 – July 27 1564)

• Hermann Pedersson Fleming from Lechtis (1564 – 1565)

• Henrik Klasson Horn from Kankas (2nd time) (January 30 1565 – 1568)

• Gabriel Kristiernsson Oxenstierna from Mörby (November 1568 – 1570)

• Hans Björnsson from Lepas (October 9 1570 – 1572)

• Claes Åkeson Tott (November 6 1572 – 1574)

• Pontus De la Gardie (June 4 1574 – December 1575)

• Karl Henriksson Horn from Kankas (1st time) (January 1576 – May 1578)

• Nilsson Hans Eriksson Finn from Brinkala (acting) (April 19 1576 – 1577)

• Göran Boije af Gennäs (1st time) (August 1 1577 – 1580)

• Svante Eriksson Stålarm from Kyala (1580 – 1581)

• Göran Boije af Gennäs (2nd time) (April 25 1582 – 1583)

• Pontus De la Gardie (1583 – November 5 1585)

• Gustaf Gabrielsson Oxenstierna (November 8 1585 – 1588)

• Hans Wachtmeister (acting) (July 1588 – October 13 1588)

• Gustaf Axelsson Banér from Djurshom (October 13 1588 – 1590)

• Erik Gabrielsson Oxenstierna af Lindö (1590 – July 1592)

• Göran Boije af Gennäs (3rd time) (1592 – June 1600)

• Karl Henriksson Horn from Kankas (2nd time) (acting) (1600 – January 30 1601)

• Moritz Stensson Leijonhufvud Count of Raseborg (1601 – October 1602)

• ... (October 1602 - May 1605)

• Nils Turesson Bielke (May 10 1605 - June 1605)

• Axel Nilsson Ryning (1605 - 1608)

• ... (1608 - 1611)

• Gabriel Bengtsson Oxenstierna (1611 - 1617)

• Anders Eriksson Hästehufvud (1617 - 1619)

• Jakob De la Gardie (July 1619 – 1622)

• Per Gustafsson Banér af Tussa (1622 – January 1626)

• Johan De la Gardie Friherre of Eckholm (1626 – October 1628)

• Philipp Scheiding from Arnö (1628 – July 17 1642)

• Gustaf Gabrielsson Oxenstierna Friherre of Kimito (July 26 1642 – 1646)

• Erik Axelsson Oxenstierna, Count of Södermöre (September 9 1646 – 1653)

• Wilhelm Ulrich (1st time) (acting) (May 1653 – August 16 1653)

• Heinrich von Thurn-Valsassina, Count of Thurn (August 16 1653 – 1655)

• Wilhelm Ulrich (2nd time) (acting) (1655 – August 1655)

• Bengt Skytte (1655–1656)

• Wilhelm Ulrich (3rd time) (acting) (1655– August 2 1656)

• Bengt Klasson Horn (August 2 1656 – November 1674)

• Wilhelm Ulrich (4th time) (acting) (1656 – 1659)

• Johan Christoph Scheiding (acting) (1674)

Governors-General (1674 - 1728)

• Andreas Lennartson Torstensson (1674 - 1681)

• Robert Johannson Lichton (April 1681 - 1687)

• Nils Turesson Bielke (January 20 1687 - April 19 1687)

• Axel Julius De la Gardie from Läckö Castle, Lidköping (1687 - December 1704)

• Wolmar Anton von Schlippenbach (December 1704 - July 6 1706)

• Niels Jonsson Stromberg af Clastorp (July 6 1706 - October 23 1709)

• Carl Gustaf von Nieroth (October 23 1709 - October 10 1710)

Military

Swedish infantry and cavalry regiments

Infantry
Infantry regiments:

• Estländskt infanteriregemente, Harriska kretsen (Estonian Infantry Regiment, Harrian Circle)

• Estländskt infanteriregemente, Jerwiska kretsen (Estonian Infantry Regiment, Jerwian Circle)

• Estländskt infanteriregemente, Wieriska kretsen I (Estonian Infantry Regiment, Wierian Circle I)

• Estländskt infanteriregemente, Wieriska kretsen II (Estonian Infantry Regiment, Wierian Circle II)

• Estländskt infanteriregemente II (Estonian Infantry Regiment II)

• Garnisonsregementet i Narva (Garrison Regiment in Narva)

• Stadsmajorens i Reval Bataljon (Reval City Major Battalion)

Cavalry
Cavalry regiments:

• Estländska lantdragonskvadronen (Estonian County Dragoon Squadron)

• Estniska adelsfanan (Estonian Banner of Nobles)

• Estniska kavalleriregementet (Estonian Cavalry Regiment)

• Laurentzens fridragoner (Laurentzen's Free Dragoons)

• Lewenhaupts frikompani (Lewenhaupt's Free Company)

• Öselska lantdragonskvadronen (Öselian County Dragoon Squadron)

Temporary cavalry regiments:

• Estniska ståndsdragonbataljonen (Estonian Rank Dragoon Battalion)

• Öselska ståndsdragonbataljonen (Ösel Rank Dragoon Battalion)

See also

• Dominions of Sweden

• Livonia

• Governorate of Estonia

• Estonian Swedes