Sunni Islam is the
largest denomination of
Islam. It is also referred to as
Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘ah ( "people of the example (of Muhammad) and the community") or
Ahl as-Sunnah () for short. The word Sunni comes from the word
Sunnah (), which means the words and actions or example of the
Islamic Prophet Muhammad.
Sunni schools of law (Madhhab)
Islamic law is known as the
Sharī‘ah. The Sharī‘ah is based on the
Qur'an and the
Sunnah. The Madhhab translates to "way", and different Madhhaheb (plural of Madhhab) reflect different opinions on some laws and obligations of the sharia, for example when one
Madhhab sees a certain act as an obligation, while the other does not. There are four of these schools:
Abu Hfa (d. 767), was the founder of the
Hanafi school. He was born circa 702 in
Kufa,
Iraq. Muslims of
Bangladesh,
Pakistan,
India,
Afghanistan,
Central Asia, Muslim areas
Southern Russia,
The Caucasus, parts of
The Balkans,
Iraq and
Turkey follow this school.
Malik ibn Anas(d. 795) developed his ideas in
Medina, where he knew some of the last surviving companions of Muhammad or their immediate descendents. His doctrine is recorded in the
Muwatta which has been adopted by most Muslims of Africa except in Lower Egypt, Zanzibar and South Africa.
The
Maliki legal school is the branch of
Sunni that dominates most of the Muslim areas of Africa, except Egypt and the
Horn of Africa.
Al-Shafi‘i (d. 820) was a student of Malik. He taught in Iraq and then in
Egypt. Muslims in
Indonesia,
Lower Egypt,
Malaysia,
Singapore,
Somalia,
Jordan,
Lebanon,
Syria,
Kerala, India,
Sri Lanka,
Palestine,
Yemen and
Kurds in the
Kurdish regions follow this school. Al-Shafi'i placed great emphasis on the Sunnah of Muhammad, as embodied in the
Hadith, as a source of the Shari'ah.
Ahmad ibn Hanbal (d. 855) was born in
Baghdad. He learned extensively from al-Shafi'i. Despite
persecution, he held to the doctrine that the
Qur'an was uncreated. This school of law is followed primarily in the
Arabian Peninsula.
The followers of these four schools follow the same basic belief system but differ from one another in terms of practice and execution of rituals, and in juristic interpretation of "divine principals" (or Shariah) as envisaged in Quran and Hadith. However Sunni Muslims consider them all equally valid.
There are other Sunni schools of law. However, many are followed by only small numbers of people and are relatively unknown due to the popularity of the four major schools; also, many have died out or were not sufficiently recorded by their followers to survive.
Interpreting the
Shari'ah to derive specific rulings (such as how to pray) is known as
fiqh, which literally means understanding. A
madhhab is a particular tradition of interpreting
fiqh. These schools focus on specific evidence (Shafi'i and Hanbali) or general principles (Hanafi and Maliki) derived from specific evidences. The schools were started by eminent
Muslim scholars in the first four centuries of Islam. As these schools represent clearly spelled out methodologies for interpreting the
Shari'aa, there has been little change in the methodology per se. However, as the social and economic environment changes, new
fiqh rulings are being made. For example, when
tobacco appeared it was declared as 'disliked' because of its smell. When medical information showed that
smoking was dangerous, that ruling was changed to 'forbidden'. Current
fiqh issues include things like
downloading pirated
software and
cloning. The consensus is that the
Shari'ah does not change but
fiqh rulings change all the time.
A
madhhab is not to be confused with a religious
sect. There may be scholars representing all four
madhhabs living in larger Muslim communities, and it is up to those who consult them to decide which school they prefer.
Many Sunnis advocate that a Muslim should choose a single
madhhab and follow it in all matters. However, rulings from another
madhhab are considered acceptable as long a preconditions of the actions are within the same school . Some Sunnis, however, do not follow any
madhhab,. Indeed, some
Salafis and
Ahle Hadith reject strict adherence, while often being loosely connected, to one of the four particular schools of thought, preferring to use the
Qur'an and the
Sunnah as the primary sources of Islamic law or the ruling by any of the jurists if it is in accordance with Quran and Hadith. In fact, such debates about the balance taqleed or ijtihad have been going on a long time in Islam. Generally
Hanbalis have favored the opinion to keep the doors of ijtihad open while the other three have preferred taqleed.
Sunni theological traditions
Some Islamic scholars faced questions that they felt were not specifically answered in the
Qur'an, especially questions with regard to philosophical conundra like the
nature of God, the existence of human
free will, or the eternal existence of the
Qur'an. Various schools of
theology and
philosophy developed to answer these questions, each claiming to be true to the
Qur'an and the Muslim tradition (
sunnah). Among Sunnites, the following were the dominant traditions:
- * Ash'ariyyah theology stresses divine revelation over human reason. Ethics, they say, cannot be derived from human reason: God's commands, as revealed in the Qur'an and the practice of Muhammad and his companions (the sunnah, as recorded in the traditions, or hadith), are the source of all morality.
- * Regarding the nature of God and the divine attributes, the Ash'ari rejected the Mu'tazilite position that all Qur'anic references to God as having physical attributes (that is, a body) were metaphorical. Ash'aris insisted that these attributes were "true", since the Qur'an could not be in error, but that they were not to be understood as implying a crude anthropomorphism.
- * Ash'aris tend to stress divine omnipotence over human free will. They believe that the Qur'an is eternal and uncreated.
- Maturidiyyah, founded by Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (d. 944). Maturidiyyah was a minority tradition until it was accepted by the Turkish tribes of Central Asia (previously they had been Ashari and followers of the Shafi school, it was only later on migration into Anatolia that they became Hanafi and followers of the Maturidi creed). One of the tribes, the Seljuk Turks, migrated to Turkey, where later the Ottoman Empire was established. Their preferred school of law achieved a new prominence throughout their whole empire although it continued to be followed almost exclusively by followers of the Hanafi school while followers of the Shafi, and Maliki schools within the empire followed the Ashari school. Thus, wherever can be found Hanafi followers, there can be found the Maturidi creed.
- * Maturidiyyah argue that knowledge of God's existence can be derived through reason.
- Athari, no precise founder of this school of creed within Islam,but Ahmad ibn Hanbal is often pointed to as an early champion of the Athari creed. This became a serious issue within the Muslim World during the Mu'tazili controversy over the belief of the Qur'an being created, rather than being the speech of Allah. Others are cited as earlier proponents, such as, Sufyan al-Thawri (d. 778) was a Follower from Kufa who held what would later become the Athari creed.
- * The Athari methodology of textual interpretation is to avoid delving into extensive theological speculation. They believe in Allah and his characteristics in the fashion that they were mentioned in the Quran, the Sunnah and by the Sahabah. They do not attempt to further interpret the aforementioned texts by giving a literal meaning like the Ẓāhirīs nor through tahreef (distortion), ta‘weel (figurative interpretation), tamtheel (making a likeness), tashbeeh (resemblance), nor ta’teel (denial). They avoid entering into philosophical and rational discussions of matters relating to Islamic beliefs that are not supported by the Quran, the Sunnah or the understanding of the Sahabah with specific wording; rather, their discussion and presentation of beliefs revolves entirely around textual evidences found in these sources, without taking the path of the literalists either, the Ẓāhirīs. The Atharis believe this to be the methodology adhered to by the first three generations of Muslims (i.e. the Salaf), therefore making it the school of Sunni Aqidah that they believe is the closest to the truth.
- * Due to the emphasis of the Hanbali school of thought on textualism, Muslims who are Hanbali usually prefer the Athari in Aqidah. However atharis are not exclusively Hanbali, many muslims form the other four schools of thought, including Hanafis, adhere to the Athari school of Aqidah also.
Sunni view of hadith
The
Qur'an as it exists today was compiled by Muhammad's companions (
Sahaba) in approximately 650, and is accepted by all Muslim denominations. However, there were many matters of belief and daily life that were not directly prescribed in the Qur'an, but were actions that were observed by Muhammad and the community. Later generations sought out
oral traditions regarding the early history of Islam, and the practice of Muhammad and his first followers, and wrote them down so that they might be preserved. These recorded oral traditions are called
hadith. Muslim scholars sifted through the
hadith and evaluated the chain of narration of each tradition, scrutinizing the trustworthiness of the narrators and judging the strength of each
hadith accordingly.
Most Sunni accept the
hadith collections of
Bukhari and
Muslim as the most authentic (
sahih, or correct), and grant a lesser status to the collections of other recorders. There are, however, four other collections of
hadith that are also held in particular reverence by Sunni Muslims, making a total of six:
There are also other collections of
hadith which also contain many authentic
hadith and are frequently used by specialists. Examples of these collections include:
Demographics
There are many challenges to demographers attempting to calculate the proportion of the world's Muslim population who adhere to Sunni and Shi'a Islam. Using various sources, estimates of the proportion of Muslims adhering to Sunni Islam range anywhere from 85% to 90% worldwide. Sunni denomination, claiming 1.36 billion followers, if one takes Pew Forum's Global Muslim Count. Note that this is much more than
Catholicism's 1.13 billion followers.
See also
