Events

• 1590 – Alexander Farnese's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris.

• 1661 – Fall of Nicolas Fouquet: Louis XIV Superintendent of Finances is arrested in Nantes by D'Artagnan, captain of the king's musketeers.

• 1666 – Great Fire of London ends: 10,000 buildings including St. Paul's Cathedral are destroyed, but only 16 people are known to have died.

• 1698 – In an effort to move his people away from archaic customs, Tsar Peter I of Russia imposes a tax on beards.

• 1725 – Wedding of Louis XV and Maria Leszczyńska.

• 1774 – First Continental Congress assembles in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

• 1781 – Battle of the Chesapeake in the American Revolutionary War.

• 1793 – French Revolution the French National Convention initiates the Reign of Terror.

• 1798 – Conscription is made mandatory in France by the Jourdan law.

• 1800 – Malta is conquered by Great Britain.

• 1812 – War of 1812: The Siege of Fort Wayne begins when Chief Winamac's forces attack two soldiers returning from the fort's outhouses.

• 1816 – Louis XVIII has to dissolve the Chambre introuvable ("Unobtainable Chamber").

• 1836 – Sam Houston is elected as the first president of the Republic of Texas.

• 1839 – The First Opium War begins in China.

• 1840 – Premiere of Giuseppe Verdi's Un giorno di regno at La Scala of Milan.

• 1862 – American Civil War: the Potomac River is crossed at White's Ford in the Maryland Campaign.

• 1864 – Achille François Bazaine becomes Marshall of France.

• 1877 – Indian Wars: Oglala Sioux chief Crazy Horse is bayoneted by a United States soldier after resisting confinement in a guardhouse at Fort Robinson in Nebraska.

• 1882 – The first United States Labor Day parade is held in New York City.

• 1887 – Fire at Theatre Royal in Exeter, England killed 186

• 1905 – Russo-Japanese War: In New Hampshire, USA, the Treaty of Portsmouth, mediated by US President Theodore Roosevelt, ends the war.

• 1906 – The first legal forward pass in American football is thrown by Bradbury Robinson of St. Louis University to teammate Jack Schneider in a 22–0 victory over Carroll College (Wisconsin).

• 1914 – World War I: First Battle of the Marne begins. Northeast of Paris, the French attack and defeat German forces who are advancing on the capital.

• 1915 – The pacifist Zimmerwald Conference begins.

• 1918 – Decree "On Red Terror" is published in Russia

• 1927 – The first Oswald the Lucky Rabbit cartoon, Trolley Troubles, produced by Walt Disney, is released by Universal Pictures.

• 1932 – The French Upper Volta is broken apart between Ivory Coast, French Sudan, and Niger.

• 1937 – Spanish Civil War: Llanes falls.

• 1938 – Chile: A group of youths affiliated with the fascist National Socialist Movement of Chile are assassinated in the Seguro Obrero massacre.

• 1939 – World War II: The United States declares its neutrality in the war.

• 1942 – World War II: Japanese high command orders withdrawal at Milne Bay, first Japanese defeat in the Pacific War.

• 1943 – World War II: The 503d Parachute Infantry Regiment lands and occupies Nazdab, near Lae in the Salamaua-Lae campaign.

• 1944 – Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg constitute Benelux.

• 1945 – Cold War: Igor Gouzenko, a Soviet Union embassy clerk, defects to Canada, exposing Soviet espionage in North America, signalling the beginning of the Cold War.

• 1945 – Iva Toguri D'Aquino, a Japanese-American suspected of being wartime radio propagandist Tokyo Rose, is arrested in Yokohama.

• 1948 – In France, Robert Schuman becomes President of the Council while being Foreign minister, As such, he is the negotiator of the major treaties of the end of World War II.

• 1957 – Cuba: Fulgencio Batista bombs the revolt in Cienfuegos.

• 1960 – The poet Léopold Sédar Senghor is elected as the first President of Senegal.

• 1961 – The first conference of the Non Aligned Countries is held in Belgrade.

• 1969 – My Lai Massacre: U.S. Army Lt. William Calley is charged with six specifications of premeditated murder for the death of 109 Vietnamese civilians in My Lai.

• 1970 – Vietnam War: Operation Jefferson Glenn begins: the United States 101st Airborne Division and the South Vietnamese 1st Infantry Division initiate a new operation in Thua Thien province.

• 1972 – Munich Massacre: A Palestinian terrorist group called "Black September" attack and take hostage 11 Israel athletes at the Munich Olympic Games. 2 die in the attack and 9 die the following day.

• 1975 – Sacramento, California:Lynette Fromme attempts to assassinate U.S. President Gerald Ford.

• 1977 – Hanns Martin Schleyer, is kidnapped in Cologne, West Germany by the Red Army Faction and is later murdered.

• 1977 – Voyager program: Voyager 1 is launched after a brief delay.

• 1978 – Camp David Accords: Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat begin peace process at Camp David, Maryland.

• 1978 – [[Panagiotis Psyrras] is born.

• 1980 – The St. Gotthard Tunnel opens in Switzerland as the world's longest highway tunnel at 10.14 miles (16.224 km) stretching from Goschenen to Airolo.

• 1984 – STS-41-D: The Space Shuttle Discovery lands after its maiden voyage.

• 1984 – Western Australia becomes the last Australian state to abolish capital punishment.

• 1986 – Pan Am Flight 73 with 358 people on board is hijacked at Karachi International Airport.

• 1990 – Eastern University massacre, massacre of 158 Tamil civilians by Sri Lankan army at the Eastern University in Batticaloa, Sri Lanka.

• 2000 – The Haverstraw-Ossining Ferry makes its maiden voyage.

• 2005 – Mandala Airlines Flight 091 crashes into a heavily-populated residential of Sumatra, Indonesia, killing 104 people on board and at least 39 persons on ground.

• 2007 – Three terrorists suspected to be a part of Al-Qaeda are arrested in Germany after allegedly planning attacks on both the Frankfurt International airport and US military installations.

• 2009 – Denmark celebrates the first national flagday, in memory of the fallen Danes in international operations since 1948.

Births

• 973 – Abu Rayhan Biruni, Iranian Polymath (d. 1048)

• 1187 – Louis VIII of France (d. 1226)

• 1567 – Date Masamune, Renowned Samurai and Daimyo in Japan (d. 1636)

• 1568 – Tommaso Campanella, Italian theologian, philosopher, and poet (d. 1639)

• 1621 – Juan Andrés Coloma, Spanish noble (d. 1694)

• 1638 – Louis XIV of France (d. 1715)

• 1667 – Giovanni Gerolamo Saccheri, Italian mathematician (d. 1733)

• 1695 – Carl Gustaf Tessin, Swedish politician (d. 1770)

• 1722 – Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony (d. 1763)

• 1725 – Jean-Étienne Montucla, French mathematician (d. 1799)

• 1735 – Johann Christian Bach, German composer (d. 1782)

• 1750 – Robert Fergusson, Scottish poet (d. 1774)

• 1771 – Archduke Charles of Austria, Austrian general (d. 1847)

• 1774 – Caspar David Friedrich, German artist (d. 1840)

• 1775 – Juan Martín Díez, el Empecinado (the undaunted), Spanish guerrillero (d. 1825)

• 1787 – François Sulpice Beudant, French mineralogist and geologist (d. 1850)

• 1791 – Giacomo Meyerbeer, German composer (d. 1864)

• 1792 – Pierre-Armand Dufrénoy, French geologist and mineralogist (d. 1857)

• 1806 – Christophe Léon Louis Juchault de Lamoricière, French general (d. 1865)

• 1807 – Richard Chenevix Trench, Irish Anglican clergyman and philologist (d. 1886)

• 1809 – Manuel Montt Torres, President of Chile (d. 1880)

• 1826 – John Wisden, England cricketer (d. 1884)

• 1827 – Goffredo Mameli, Italian poet and writer (d. 1849)

• 1836 – Justiniano Borgoño, President of Peru (d. 1921)

• 1847 – Jesse James, American outlaw (d. 1882)

• 1850 – Jack Daniel, Creator of Jack Daniel's (d. 1911)

• 1857 – Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Russian rocket scientist and inventor (d. 1935)

• 1867 – Amy Beach, American composer and pianist (d. 1944)

• 1874 – Nap Lajoie, American baseball player (d. 1959)

• 1876 – Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb, German field marshal (d. 1956)

• 1876 – Abdelaziz Thâalbi, Tunisian politician. (d. 1944)

• 1881 – Otto Bauer, Austrian Social Democratic politician (d. 1938)

• 1888 – Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, second President of India (d. 1975)

• 1892 – Joseph Szigeti, Hungarian violinist (d. 1973)

• 1897 – Ella Schuler, American supercentenarian

• 1901 – Mario Scelba, Italian politician and former Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1991)

• 1902 – Darryl F. Zanuck, American film producer and executive (d. 1979)

• 1905 – Arthur Koestler, Hungarian writer (d. 1983)

• 1905 – Maurice Challe, French general (d. 1979), one of the leaders of the Algiers putsch in 1961.

• 1905 – Justiniano Montano, Filipino politician (d. 2005)

• 1908 – Gloria Holden, British actress (d. 1991)

• 1909 – Archie Jackson, Australian cricketer (d. 1933)

• 1910 – Phiroze Palia, Indian cricketer (d. 1981)

• 1910 – Leila Mackinlay, née Leila Antionette Sterling (aka Brenda Grey), British romance writer.

• 1912 – John Cage, American composer (d. 1992)

• 1912 – Kristina Söderbaum, German actress and photographer (d. 2001)

• 1912 – Frank Thomas, American animator (d. 2004)

• 1914 – Nicanor Parra, Chilian poet and mathematician

• 1916 – Frank Yerby American novelist (d. 1991)

• 1916 – Frank Shuster, Canadian comedian (Wayne and Shuster) (d. 2002)

• 1917 – Sören Nordin, Swedish harness racing driver and trainer (d. 2008)

• 1918 – Luis Alcoriza, Mexican screenwriter, film director, and actor (d. 1992)

• 1921 – Jack Valenti, American political advisor and film executive (d. 2007)

• 1923 – Ken Meuleman, Australian cricketer (d. 2004)

• 1924 – Paul Dietzel, American college football coach

• 1927 – Paul Volcker, former chairman of the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank

• 1929 – Bob Newhart, American actor and comedian

• 1929 – Andrian Nikolayev, Soviet cosmonaut (d. 2004)

• 1933 – Francisco Javier Errázuriz Ossa, Chilian catholic archbishop

• 1934 – Carol Lawrence, American actress and singer

• 1935 – Johnny Briggs MBE, English actor

• 1935 – Paul Josef Cardinal Cordes, President of the Pontifical Council Cor Unum

• 1936 – Jonathan Kozol, American writer, sociologist

• 1936 – Bill Mazeroski, American baseball player

• 1936 – John Danforth, American politician

• 1937 – Antonio Valentin Angelillo, Argentinian footballer

• 1937 – Colin Wesley, South African cricketer

• 1937 – William Devane, American actor

• 1939 – Claudette Colvin, American civil rights movement leader (Montgomery Bus Boycott)

• 1939 – John Stewart, American musician (The Kingston Trio) (d. 2008)

• 1939 – George Lazenby, Australian actor

• 1939 – Clay Regazzoni, Swiss racing driver (d. 2006)

• 1940 – Raquel Welch, American actress

• 1942 – Werner Herzog, German film director

• 1942 – Eduardo Mata, Mexican conductor and composer (d. 1995)

• 1942 – Denise Fabre French television presenter.

• 1943 – Dulce Saguisag, Filipino politician and former DSWD Secretary. (d. 2007)

• 1944 – Dario Bellezza, Italian poet, author and playwright (d. 1996)

• 1945 – Al Stewart, Scottish singer and songwriter

• 1946 – Freddie Mercury, Zanzibar-born singer and songwriter (Queen) (d. 1991)

• 1946 – Dennis Dugan, American actor and film director

• 1946 – Loudon Wainwright III, American singer and composer

• 1947 – Buddy Miles, American musician (d. 2008)

• 1947 – Bruce Yardley, Australian cricketer

• 1948 – Benita Ferrero-Waldner, Austrian diplomat and politician

• 1950 – Cathy Guisewite, American cartoonist

• 1950 – Paul William Roberts, Canadian writer

• 1951 – Paul Breitner, German footballer

• 1951 – Patti McGuire, American model and television producer

• 1951 – Michael Keaton, American actor

• 1954 – Frederick Kempe, American author, journalist, and executive

• 1954 – Richard Austin, West Indian cricketer

• 1956 – Roine Stolt, Swedish guitarist (The Flower Kings)

• 1957 – Peter Winnen, Dutch bicycle road athlete

• 1961 – Marc-André Hamelin, Canadian pianist

• 1962 – Peter Wingfield, Welsh actor

• 1963 – Juan Alderete, American bassist (Racer X)

• 1963 – Jeff Brantley, American baseball player

• 1963 – Jonathan Phillips, English actor

• 1963 – Taki Inoue, Japanese racing driver

• 1963 – Kristian Alfonso, American actress

• 1964 – Frank Farina, Australian footballer

• 1964 – Ken Norman, American basketball player

• 1964 – Amanda Ooms, Swedish actress

• 1965 – Chris Morris, English satirist

• 1965 – David Brabham, Australian racing driver

• 1965 – Chris Gore, American filmmaker

• 1965 – César Rincón, colombian matador

• 1966 – Achero Mañas, Spanish actor and film director

• 1966 – Milinko Pantić, retired Serbian footballer

• 1967 – India Hicks, English model

• 1967 – Jane Sixsmith, English field hockey player

• 1968 – Dennis Scott, American basketball player

• 1968 – Brad Wilk, American musician (Audioslave, Rage Against the Machine)

• 1969 – Leonardo Nascimento de Araujo, Brazilian footballer

• 1969 – Mark Ramprakash, English cricketer

• 1969 – Dweezil Zappa, American musician

• 1970 – Kim Hye-su, South Korean actress and model

• 1970 – Liam Lynch, American musician (Sifl and Olly)

• 1970 – Mohammad Rafique, Bangladeshi cricketer

• 1971 – Adam Hollioake, England cricketer

• 1972 – Shane Sewell, Canadian professional wrestler

• 1972 – Guy Whittall, Zimbabwean cricketer

• 1973 – Rose McGowan, Italian-born actress

• 1973 – Alexandra Kerry, daughter of American Senator John Kerry

• 1973 – Paddy Considine, English actor

• 1974 – Rawl Lewis, West Indian cricketer

• 1975 – Rod Barajas, American baseball player

• 1975 – George Boateng, Dutch footballer

• 1975 – Matt Geyer, Australian rugby league footballer

• 1975 – Jamie Spaniolo, American horrorcore rapper

• 1976 – Tatyana Gutsu, Ukrainian gymnast

• 1976 – Carice van Houten, Dutch actress

• 1976 – Richard Marsland, Australian comedian/writer and radio personality

• 1977 – Rosevelt Colvin, American football player

• 1977 – Joseba Etxeberria, Spanish football winger

• 1977 – Minoru Fujita, Japanese professional wrestler

• 1977 – Alexey Harkov, Russian bassist (Kipelov, Sergey Mavrin)

• 1977 – Nazr Mohammed, American Basketball player

• 1978 – Laura Bertram, Canadian actress

• 1978 – Chris Jack, New Zealand rugby union footballer

• 1978 – Zhang Zhong, Chinese chess player

• 1978 – Sylvester Joseph, West Indian cricketer

• 1979 – John Carew, Norwegian footballer

• 1979 – Stacey Dales, Canadian basketball player and sportscaster

• 1979 – George O'Callaghan, Irish footballer

• 1980 – Franco Costanzo, Argentinian football goalkeeper

• 1981 – AnnMarie, American pornographic actress

• 1981 – Filippo Volandri, Italian tennis player

• 1982 – Alexandre Geijo, Spanish/Swiss footballer

• 1982 – Sondre Lerche, Norwegian musician

• 1983 – Eugen Bopp, Ukrainian-German footballer

• 1983 – Pablo Granoche, Uruguayan footballer

• 1983 – Xavier Susai, Australian comedian

• 1983 – Antony Sweeney, Hartlepool United Footballer

• 1984 – Chris Anker Sørensen, Danish professional road bicycle racer

• 1985 – Ryan Guy, American soccer player

• 1986 – Pragyan Ojha, Indian cricketer

• 1987 – Pierre Casiraghi, son of Princess Caroline of Monaco

• 1988 – Nuri Sahin, Turkish footballer

• 1990 – Kim Yu-Na, Korean figure skater

• 1991 – Skandar Keynes, English actor

Deaths

• 1165 – Emperor Nijo of Japan (b. 1143)

• 1201 – Constance, Duchess of Brittany (b. 1161)

• 1235 – Henry I, Duke of Brabant (b. 1165)

• 1548 – Catherine Parr, Sixth wife of Henry VIII of England (b. c.1512)

• 1607 – Pomponne de Bellièvre, chancellor of France (b. 1529)

• 1629 – Domenico Allegri, Italian composer (b. c.1585)

• 1734 – Nicolas Bernier, French musician and composer (b. 1664)

• 1786 – Jonas Hanway, English merchant, traveler, and philanthropist (b. 1712)

• 1803 – Pierre Choderlos de Laclos, French general and author (b. 1741)

• 1803 – François Devienne, French composer (b. 1759)

• 1808 – John Home, Scottish writer (b. 1722)

• 1836 – Ferdinand Raimund, Austrian playwright (b. 1790)

• 1838 – Charles Percier, French architect (b. 1764)

• 1857 – Auguste Comte, French sociologist (b. 1798)

• 1876 – Manuel Blanco Encalada, first president of Chile (b. 1790)

• 1877 – Crazy Horse, Lakota (Sioux) chief (b. 1849)

• 1898 – Sarah Edmonds, Canadian nurse, soldier, and spy (b. 1841)

• 1901 – Ignacij Klemenčič, Slovenian physicist (b. 1853)

• 1902 – Rudolf Virchow, German pathologist and politician (b. 1821)

• 1906 – Ludwig Boltzmann, Austrian physicist (b. 1844)

• 1912 – Arthur MacArthur, Jr., U.S. Army general (b. 1845)

• 1914 – Charles Péguy, French poet, essayist and editor (b. 1873)

• 1917 – Marian Smoluchowski, Polish physicist (b. 1872)

• 1920 – Robert Harron, American actor (b. 1893)

• 1922 – Georgette Agutte, French painter (b. 1867)

• 1926 – Karl Harrer, German journalist and politician, founding member of the "DAP", which would become the Nazi Party (b. 1890)

• 1930 – Robert Means Thompson, American naval officer (b. 1849)

• 1931 – John Thomson, football player who died in an accidental collision during a match (b. 1909)

• 1932 – Francisco Acebal, Spanish novelist, playwright and journalist (b. 1866)

• 1936 – Federico Borrell García, Spanish anarchist soldier during the Spanish Civil War (b. 1912)

• 1936 – Gustave Kahn, French Symbolist poet and art critic (b. 1859)

• 1942 – François de Labouchère, French aviator of World War II, compagnon de la Libération. (b. 1917)

• 1945 – Clem Hill, Australian cricketer (b. 1877)

• 1948 – Richard C. Tolman, American mathematical physicist (b. 1881)

• 1953 – Richard Walther Darré, Nazi politician, one of the leading ‘blood and soil’ ideologists (b. 1895)

• 1954 – Eugen Schiffer, German politician (b. 1860)

• 1965 – Thomas Johnston, Scottish-born politician (b. 1882)

• 1966 – Dezső Lauber, Hungarian athlete (b. 1879)

• 1970 – Jochen Rindt, German-Austrian race car driver and one-time F1 (posthumous) world champion (b. 1942)

• 1973 – Jack Fournier, American baseball player (b. 1889)

• 1975 – Georg Ots, Estonian singer (b. 1920)

• 1977 – Marcel Thiry, Belgian writer and wallon militant (b. 1897)

• 1979 – Alberto di Jorio, former head of the Vatican Bank and secretary of the 1958 conclave (b. 1884)

• 1982 – Douglas Bader, RAF fighter pilot in World War II (b. 1910)

• 1983 – Antonio Mairena, flamenco singer (b. 1909)

• 1988 – Gert Fröbe, German actor (b. 1913)

• 1990 – Ivan Mihailov, Bulgarian revolutionary (b. 1896)

• 1992 – Fritz Leiber, American author (b. 1910)

• 1993 – Claude Renoir, French cinematographer (b.1914)

• 1997 – Georg Solti, Hungarian conductor (b. 1912)

• 1997 – Mother Teresa, Albanian-born missionary and humanitarian, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1910)

• 1998 – Leo Penn, American film director (b. 1921)

• 1998 – Verner Panton, Danish designer (b. 1926)

• 1998 – Fernando Balzaretti, Mexican actor (b. 1946)

• 1999 – Allen Funt, American radio and television personality (b. 1914)

• 1999 – Bryce Mackasey, Canadian politician (b. 1921)

• 2001 – Vladimir Žerjavić, Croatian UN statistician (b. 1912)

• 2001 – Justin Wilson, American Cajun chef and humorist (b. 1914)

• 2002 – David Todd Wilkinson, American astronomer, author of the first study of the Cosmic microwave background radiation (b. 1935)

• 2003 – Gisele MacKenzie, Canadian-born singer (b. 1927)

• 2005 – Roberto Viaux, Chilean Army General and the primary planner in two failed coup d'état attempt in Chile (b. 1917)

• 2007 – Jennifer Dunn, American politician (b. 1941)

• 2007 – Paul Gillmor, American politician (b. 1939)

• 2007 – D. James Kennedy, American televangelist (b. 1930)

• 2007 – Thomas Hansen, Norwegian musician (b. 1976)

• 2008 – Evan Tanner American mixed martial artist (b. 1971)

Holidays and observances

• Roman festivals – Jupiter Stator to commemorate that Jupiter helped Romulus to stop the Sabine invasion under Titus Tatius.

• RC Saints – The feast day of Blessed Teresa of Calcutta; Saint Genebald.

• India – The birthdate of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan is celebrated as Teacher's Day in India.

• Zechariah and Elisabeth, parents of John the Baptist

• Bertin, abbot of Saint-Omer.

• Abdas of Susa