Richard Hakluyt (, , or )
(c. 1552 or 1553 – 23 November 1616) was an English writer. He is principally remembered for his efforts in promoting and supporting the settlement of North America by the
English through his works, notably
Divers Voyages Touching the Discoverie of America (1582) and
The Principal Navigations, Voiages, Traffiques and Discoueries of the English Nation (1598–1600).
Educated at
Westminster School and
Christ Church, Oxford, between 1583 and 1588 Hakluyt was
chaplain and
secretary to Sir
Edward Stafford, English
ambassador at the French court. An
ordained priest, Hakluyt held important positions at
Bristol Cathedral and
Westminster Abbey and was personal chaplain to
Sir Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, principal
Secretary of State to
Elizabeth I and
James I. He was the chief promoter of a petition to James I for
letters patent to colonize
Virginia, which were granted to the
London Company and
Plymouth Company (referred to collectively as the
Virginia Company) in 1606.
Family, early life and education
The Hakluyts were of
Welsh extraction, rather than
Dutch as is often wrongly suggested. According to
antiquary John Leland, the family took its name from the forest of Cluyd in
Radnorshire. They appear to have settled in
Herefordshire in England around the 13th century. The family established itself at Yatton,
["Richard Hakluyt", § 13 in pt. IV ("The Literature of the Sea") of vol. IV of ][John Winter Jones, "Introduction" of ]
two miles (3.2 km) southeast of
Leominster, and must have ranked amongst the principal landowners of the county. A person named Hugo Hakelute, who may have been an ancestor or relative of Richard Hakluyt, was elected
Member of Parliament for the
borough of Yatton in 1304 or 1305,
[See the introduction of It states that this took place in the 14th century.] and between the 14th and 16th centuries five individuals
surnamed "de Hackluit" or "Hackluit" were
Sheriffs of Herefordshire. A man named Walter Hakelut was
knighted in the 34th year of
Edward I (1305), and in 1349 Thomas Hakeluyt was
chancellor of the
diocese of Hereford. Records also show that a Thomas Hakeluytt was in the
wardship of
Henry VIII (reigned 1509–1547) and
Edward VI (reigned 1547–1553).
, by an unknown artist, from
Rudolph Ackermann's
History of Oxford (1813)]]
Richard Hakluyt, the second of four sons, was born in either
Hereford in the
county of
Herefordshire around 1552,
[Quoted in 29 vols.] or in or near
London around 1553.
Hakluyt's father, also named Richard Hakluyt, was a member of the
Worshipful Company of Skinners whose members dealt in skins and furs. He died in 1557 when his son was aged about five years, and his wife Margery
followed soon after. Hakluyt's cousin, also named Richard Hakluyt, of the
Middle Temple, became his
guardian.
While a Queen's Scholar at
Westminster School, Hakluyt visited his guardian, whose conversation, illustrated by "certain bookes of cosmographie, an universall mappe, and the Bible", made Hakluyt resolve to "prosecute that knowledge, and kind of literature".
[Hakluyt's dedication to Sir Francis Walsingham of the work The spelling has been modernized.] Entering
Christ Church, Oxford, in 1570 with financial support from the Skinners' Company,
"his exercises of duty first performed",
he set out to read all the printed or written voyages and discoveries that he could find. He took his
Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) on 19 February 1574, and shortly after taking his
Master of Arts (M.A.) on 27 June 1577,
began giving public lectures in
geography. He was the first to show "both the old imperfectly composed and the new lately reformed mappes, globes, spheares, and other instruments of this art".
Hakluyt held on to his
studentship at Christ Church between 1577 and 1586, although after 1583 he was no longer resident in Oxford.
Hakluyt was
ordained in 1578, and that same year he received a "pension" from the
Worshipful Company of Clothworkers to study
divinity. The pension would have lapsed in 1583, but
William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, intervened to have the pension continued until 1586 to aid Hakluyt's geographical research.
At the English Embassy in Paris
thumb|right|The west front of Bristol Cathedral – photographed in April 2005
thumb|A 1910 memorial tablet to Hakluyt in Bristol CathedralAccording to one source,
Hakluyt's first publication was
A Shorte and Briefe Narration of the Two Nauigations and Discoueries to the Northwest Partes Called Newe Fraunce (1580), a translation of
Bref Récit et Succincte Narration de la Navigation Faite en MDXXXV et MDXXXVI by
French navigator Jacques Cartier, which was a description of his second voyage to Canada in 1535–1536. However, this seems to be an error as the
British Library's copy of this work indicates it was translated from an Italian version into English by
John Florio. If that is correct, then Hakluyt's first publication was one that he wrote himself,
Divers Voyages Touching the Discoverie of America and the Ilands Adjacent unto the Same, Made First of all by our Englishmen and Afterwards by the Frenchmen and Britons (1582).
Hakluyt's
Voyages brought him to the notice of
Lord Howard of Effingham, and Sir
Edward Stafford, Lord Howard's brother-in-law. At the age of 30, being acquainted with "the chiefest captaines at sea, the greatest merchants, and the best mariners of our nation",
he was selected as
chaplain and
secretary to accompany Stafford, now English
ambassador at the French court, to
Paris in 1583. In accordance with the instructions of Secretary
Francis Walsingham, he occupied himself chiefly in collecting information of the Spanish and French movements, and "making diligent inquirie of such things as might yield any light unto our westerne discoverie in America".
Although this was his only visit to the
Continent in his life, he was angered to hear the limitations of the English in terms of travel being discussed in Paris.
The first-fruits of Hakluyt's labours in Paris were embodied in his important work entitled
A Particuler Discourse Concerninge the Greate Necessitie and Manifolde Commodyties That Are Like to Growe to This Realme of Englande by the Westerne Discoueries Lately Attempted, Written in the Yere 1584, which
Sir Walter Raleigh commissioned him to prepare. The manuscript, lost for almost 300 years, was published for the first time in 1877. Hakluyt revisited England in 1584, and laid a copy of the
Discourse before
Elizabeth I (to whom it had been dedicated) together with his analysis in
Latin of
Aristotle's
Politicks. His objective was to recommend the enterprise of planting the English race in the unsettled parts of North America, and thus gain the Queen's support for
Raleigh's expedition.
In May 1585 when Hakluyt was in Paris with the English Embassy, the Queen granted to him the next
prebendal stall at
Bristol Cathedral that should become vacant,
to which he was admitted in 1585 or 1586 and held with other preferments till his death.
Hakluyt's other works during his time in Paris consisted mainly of
translations and compilations, with his own
dedications and
prefaces. These latter writings, together with a few letters, are the only extant material out of which a
biography of him can be framed. Hakluyt interested himself in the publication of the
manuscript journal of
René de Laudonnière, the
Histoire Notable de la Florida in Paris in 1586. The attention that the book excited in Paris encouraged Hakluyt to prepare an English translation and publish it in London under the title
A Notable Historie Containing Foure Voyages Made by Certayne French Captaynes unto Florida (1587). The same year, his edition of
Peter Martyr d'Anghiera's
De Orbe Nouo Decades Octo saw the light at Paris. This work contains an exceedingly-rare
copperplate map dedicated to Hakluyt and signed F.G. (supposed to be Francis Gualle); it is the first on which the name "Virginia" appears.
Return to England
thumb|right|250px|The title page of the first edition of Hakluyt's The Principall Navigations, Voiages, and Discoveries of the English Nation (1589)thumb|right|250px|A manuscript signature of Hakluyt from the front flyleaf of the above workIn 1588 Hakluyt finally returned to England with
Lady Stafford, after a residence in France of nearly five years. In 1589 he published the first edition of his chief work,
The Principall Navigations, Voiages and Discoveries of the English Nation, using eyewitness accounts as far as possible. In the preface to this he announced the intended publication of the first
terrestrial globe made in England by
Emery Molyneux. Between 1598 and 1600 appeared the final, reconstructed and greatly-enlarged edition of
The Principal Navigations, Voiages, Traffiques and Discoueries of the English Nation in three volumes. In the dedication of the second volume (1599) to his patron,
Sir Robert Cecil, he strongly urged the minister as to the expediency of colonizing Virginia.
A few copies of this monumental work contain a map of great rarity, the first on the
Mercator projection made in England according to the true principles laid down by
Edward Wright. Hakluyt's great collection has been called "the Prose Epic of the modern English nation" by
historian James Anthony Froude.
On 20 April 1590 Hakluyt was instituted to the
rectory of
Wetheringsett-cum-Brockford,
Suffolk, by Lady Stafford, who was
dowager baroness Sheffield. He held this position until his death, and resided in Wetheringsett through the 1590s and frequently thereafter.
In 1601 Hakluyt edited a translation from the
Portuguese of Antonio Galvão's
The Discoveries of the World. In the same year his name occurs as an adviser to the
East India Company, in which capacity he supplied them with maps and informed them as to markets.
Later life
In the late 1590s Hakluyt became the client and personal chaplain of
Sir Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, Lord Burghley's son, who was to be Hakluyt's most fruitful patron. Hakluyt dedicated to Cecil the second (1599) and third volumes (1600) of the expanded edition of
Principal Navigations and also his edition of Galvão's
Discoveries (1601). Cecil, who was the principal
Secretary of State to Elizabeth I and
James I, rewarded him by installing him as
prebendary of
Westminster Abbey on 4 May 1602.
In the following year, he was elected
archdeacon of the Abbey.
Hakluyt was married twice, once in or about 1594
and again in 1604. In the licence of Hakluyt's second marriage dated 30 March 1604, he is described as one of the
chaplains of the
Savoy Hospital; this position was also conferred on him by Cecil. His
will refers to chambers occupied by him there up to the time of his death, and in another official document he is styled
Doctor of Divinity (D.D.).
of the
Savoy Hospital for poor and needy people founded by
Henry VII, where Hakluyt was a chaplain, is marked by a red arrow on this image of
John Norden's map of
Westminster which was published in 1593.]]
thumb|left|250px|The seal of the Virginia Company of LondonHakluyt was also a leading adventurer of the
Charter of the Virginia Company of London as a director thereof in 1589.
In 1605 he secured the prospective living of
James Town, the intended capital of the intended
colony of
Virginia. When the colony was at last established in 1607, he supplied this
benefice with its chaplain,
Robert Hunt. In 1606 he appears as the chief promoter of the petition to James I for
letters patent to colonize Virginia, which were granted on 10 April 1606.
His last publication was a translation of
Hernando de Soto's discoveries in Florida, entitled
Virginia Richly Valued, by the Description of the Maine Land of Florida, Her Next Neighbour (1609). This work was intended to encourage the young colony of Virginia; Scottish
historian William Robertson wrote of Hakluyt, "England is more indebted for its American possessions than to any man of that age."
Hakluyt prepared an English translation of Dutch jurist
Hugo Grotius'
Mare Liberum (1609), a treatise that sought to demonstrate that the Dutch had the right to trade freely in the
Indies contrary to Spanish and Portuguese claims of sovereignty over the seas,
in the early 1600s.
[The exact date of the translation is unknown; all that can be said is that it must have been prepared between the publication of Grotius' book in 1609 and Hakluyt's death in 1616: see David Armitage, "Introduction", in ] Helen Thornton has suggested that the translation was commissioned by
Thomas Smythe who became treasurer of the Virginia Company in 1609 and was also Governor of the East India Company. In that year, Hakluyt was a consultant to the Company when it was renewing its charter. Grotius' arguments supported England's right to trade in the Indies. The translation may also have been part of the propaganda encouraging English people to settle in Virginia. In
Mare Liberum, Grotius denied that the 1493 donation by
Pope Alexander VI that had divided the oceans between Spain and Portugal entitled Spain to make territorial claims to North America. Instead, he stressed the importance of occupation, which was favourable to the English as they and not the Spanish had occupied Virginia. Grotius also argued that the seas should be freely navigable by all, which was useful since the England to Virginia route crossed seas which the Portuguese claimed.
[ However, it is not clear why Hakluyt's translation was not published in his lifetime. George Bruner Parks has theorized that publication at that time would have been inconvenient to England because after England had successfully helped Holland and Spain to negotiate the Twelve Years' Truce during the Eighty Years' War, the work would have supported English claims for free seas against Spain, but not its claims for closed seas against Holland.][ Hakluyt's handwritten manuscript, MS Petyt 529, in Inner Temple Library in London was eventually published as The Free Sea for the first time in 2004.]
In 1591, Hakluyt inherited family property upon the death of his elder brother Thomas; a year later, upon the death of his youngest brother Edmund, he inherited another property which derived from his uncle. In 1612 Hakluyt became a charter member of the North-west Passage Company.
Hakluyt died on 23 November 1616, probably in London, and was buried on 26 November in Westminster Abbey;
Hakluyt is principally remembered for his efforts in promoting and supporting the settlement of North America by the English through his writings. These works were a fertile source of material for William Shakespeare
The Hakluyt Society was founded in 1846 for printing rare and unpublished accounts of voyages and travels, and continues to publish volumes each year.Works
Authored
thumb|250px|The first page of volume 1 of the expanded edition of Hakluyt's The Principal Navigations, Voiages, Traffiques and Discoueries of the English Nation (1598)
- 3 vols.; folio. Reprints:
Edited and translated
