Events

• 475 – Romulus Augustulus is proclaimed Western Roman Emperor.

• 1517 – Protestant Reformation: Martin Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg.

• 1587 – Leiden University Library opens its doors after its founding in 1575.

• 1822 – Emperor Agustín de Iturbide attempts to dissolve the Mexican Empire.

• 1861 – American Civil War: Citing failing health, Union General Winfield Scott resigns as Commander of the United States Army.

• 1863 – The Maori Wars resumes as British forces in New Zealand led by General Duncan Cameron begin their Invasion of the Waikato.

• 1864 – Nevada is admitted as the 36th U.S. state.

• 1876 – A monster cyclone ravages India, resulting in over 200,000 deaths.

• 1913 – Dedication of the Lincoln Highway, the first automobile road across United States.

• 1913 – The Indianapolis Street Car Strike and subsequent riot begins.

• 1917 – World War I: Battle of Beersheba – "last successful cavalry charge in history".

• 1918 – Banat Republic is founded

• 1923 – The first of 160 consecutive days of 100 degrees at Marble Bar, Australia.

• 1924 – World Savings Day is announced in Milan, Italy by the Members of the Association at the 1st International Savings Bank Congress (World Society of Savings Banks).

• 1926 – Magician Harry Houdini dies of gangrene and peritonitis that developed after his appendix ruptured.

• 1936 – The Boy Scouts of the Philippines is formed.

• 1938 – Great Depression: In an effort to restore investor confidence, the New York Stock Exchange unveils a fifteen-point program aimed to upgrade protection for the investing public.

• 1940 – World War II: The Battle of Britain ends – the United Kingdom prevents a German invasion.

• 1941 – After 14 years of work, drilling is completed on Mount Rushmore.

• 1941 – World War II: The destroyer USS Reuben James is torpedoed by a German U-boat near Iceland, killing more than 100 United States Navy sailors. It is the first U.S. Navy vessel sunk by enemy action in WWII.

• 1941 – A fire in a clothing factory in Huddersfield, England kills 49

• 1943 – World War II: An F4U Corsair accomplishes the first successful radar-guided interception.

• 1954 – Algerian War of Independence: The Algerian National Liberation Front begins a revolt against French rule.

• 1956 – Suez Crisis: The United Kingdom and France begin bombing Egypt to force the reopening of the Suez Canal.

• 1959 – Lee Harvey Oswald attempts to renounce his American citizenship at the US Embassy in Moscow, USSR.

• 1961 – In the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin's body is removed from Lenin's Tomb.

• 1963 – An explosion at the Indiana State Fair Coliseum (now Pepsi Coliseum) in Indianapolis kills 74 people during an ice skating show. The explosion also injures 400. A faulty propane tank connection in a concession stand is blamed.

• 1968 – Vietnam War October surprise: Citing progress with the Paris peace talks, US President Lyndon B. Johnson announces to the nation that he has ordered a complete cessation of "all air, naval, and artillery bombardment of North Vietnam" effective November 1.

• 1973 – Mountjoy Prison helicopter escape. Three Provisional Irish Republican Army members escape from Mountjoy Prison, Dublin, Republic of Ireland aboard a hijacked helicopter that lands in the exercise yard.

• 1984 – Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi is assassinated by two Sikh security guards. Riots soon break out in New Delhi and nearly 2,000 Sikhs are killed.

• 1986 – The 5th congress of the Communist Party of Sweden is inaugurated. During the course of the congress the party name is changed to the Solidarity Party and the party ceases to be a communist party.

• 1994 – An American Eagle ATR-72 crashes in Roselawn, Indiana, after circling in icy weather, killing 68 passengers and crew.

• 1996 – A Fokker F100 operating as TAM Transportes Aéreos Regionais Flight 402 crashes into several houses in São Paulo, Brazil killing 98 including 2 on the ground.

• 1997 – 19-year-old British au pair Louise Woodward, convicted by a Cambridge, Massachusetts, jury of second-degree murder the day before, is sentenced to life in prison.

• 1998 – Iraq disarmament crisis begins: Iraq announces it would no longer cooperate with United Nations weapons inspectors.

• 1999 – EgyptAir Flight 990 traveling from New York City to Cairo crashes off the coast of Nantucket, Massachusetts, killing all 217 on-board.

• 1999 – Yachtsman Jesse Martin returns to Melbourne after 11 months of circumnavigating the world, solo, non-stop and unassisted.

• 2000 – A Singapore Airlines Boeing 747-400 operating as Flight 006 collides with construction equipment upon takeoff in Taipei, Taiwan killing 79 passengers and four crew members.

• 2000 – A chartered Antonov An-26 explodes after takeoff in Northern Angola killing 50.

• 2000 – Soyuz TM-31 launches, carrying the first resident crew to the International Space Station. The ISS has been continuously crewed since.

• 2002 – A federal grand jury in Houston, Texas indicts former Enron Corp. chief financial officer Andrew Fastow on 78 counts of wire fraud, money laundering, conspiracy and obstruction of justice related to the collapse of his ex-employer.

• 2003 – A bankruptcy court approves MCI's reorganization plans, essentially clearing the telecommunications company to exit bankruptcy.

• 2003 – Mahathir bin Mohamad resigns as Prime Minister of Malaysia and is replaced by Deputy Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, marking an end to Mahathir's 22 years in power.

Births

• 1291 – Philippe de Vitry, French composer (d. 1361)

• 1345 – King Fernando I of Portugal (d. 1383)

• 1391 – King Duarte of Portugal (d. 1438)

• 1424 – King Wladislaus III of Poland (d. 1444)

• 1538 – Caesar Baronius, Italian cardinal and historian (d. 1607)

• 1599 – Denzil Holles, 1st Baron Holles, English statesman and writer (d. 1680)

• 1620 – John Evelyn, English diarist (d. 1706)

• 1622 – Pierre Paul Puget, French artist (d. 1694)

• 1632 – (baptism) Johannes Vermeer, Flemish painter (d. 1675)

• 1636 – Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria (d. 1679)

• 1692 – Comte de Caylus, French archaeologist (d. 1765)

• 1705 – Pope Clement XIV (d. 1774)

• 1711 – Laura Bassi, Italian scholar (d. 1778)

• 1724 – Christopher Anstey, English writer (d. 1805)

• 1737 – James Lovell, American educator (d. 1789)

• 1795 – John Keats, British poet (d. 1821)

• 1815 – Karl Weierstraß, German mathematician (d. 1897)

• 1825 – Charles Lavigerie, French cardinal (d. 1892)

• 1827 – Richard Morris Hunt, American educator (d. 1895)

• 1831 – Paolo Mantegazza, Italian neurologist (d. 1910)

• 1835 – Adelbert Ames, American general, 27th and 30th Governor of Mississippi (d. 1933)

• 1835 – Adolf von Baeyer, German chemist, Nobel laureate (d. 1917)

• 1835 – Krišjānis Barons, Latvian writer (d. 1923)

• 1838 – King Louis of Portugal (d. 1889)

• 1848 – Boston Custer, brother of George Armstrong Custer (d. 1876)

• 1851 – Lovisa of Sweden, queen of Denmark (d. 1926)

• 1860 – Juliette Low, American founder of the Girl Scouts (d. 1927)

• 1875 – Eugene Meyer, American businessman and newspaper publisher (d. 1954)

• 1875 – Vallabhbhai Patel, Indian freedom fighter and statesman (d. 1950)

• 1879 – Sara Allgood, Irish actress (d. 1950)

• 1883 – Marie Laurencin, French painter (d. 1956)

• 1887 – Chiang Kai-shek, Nationalist Chinese leader, former Republic of China president (d. 1975)

• 1887 – Newsy Lalonde, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1970)

• 1888 – Napoleon Lapathiotis, Greek poet (d. 1944)

• 1892 – Alexander Alekhine, Russian chess player (d. 1946)

• 1895 – Basil Liddell Hart, British military historian (d. 1970)

• 1896 – Ethel Waters, American singer and actress (d. 1977)

• 1902 – Abraham Wald, Hungarian mathematician (d. 1950)

• 1908 – Muriel Duckworth, Canadian activist (d. 2009)

• 1912 – Dale Evans, American singer and actress (d. 2001)

• 1912 – Ollie Johnston, American animator (d. 2008)

• 1914 – Joe Carcione, American consumer advocate (d. 1988)

• 1914 – John Hugenholtz, Dutch race track designer (d. 1995)

• 1916 – Carl Johan Bernadotte, former Prince of Sweden

• 1918 – Ian Stevenson, American parapsychologist (d. 2007)

• 1919 – Magnus Wenninger, American priest, author of Polyhedron models

• 1920 – Dick Francis, Welsh novelist

• 1920 – Joseph Gelineau French composer (d. 2008)

• 1920 – Dedan Kimathi, Kenyan rebel leader (d. 1957)

• 1920 – Helmut Newton, German photographer (d. 2004)

• 1920 – Fritz Walter, German footballer (d. 2002)

• 1922 – Barbara Bel Geddes, American actress (d. 2005)

• 1922 – Anatoli Papanov, Soviet actor (d. 1987)

• 1922 – Illinois Jacquet, American saxophonist (d. 2004)

• 1922 – King Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia

• 1925 – John Pople, English chemist, Nobel laureate (d. 2004)

• 1926 – Jimmy Savile, English entertainer

• 1927 – Lee Grant, American actress

• 1927 – Thomas Hill, Canadian actor (d. 2009)

• 1928 – Cleo Moore, American actress (d. 1973)

• 1929 – Eddie Charlton, Australian snooker player (d. 2004)

• 1929 – Bud Spencer, Italian actor

• 1930 – Michael Collins, American astronaut

• 1931 – Dan Rather, American television journalist

• 1933 – Phil Goyette, Canadian ice hockey player

• 1935 – Ronald Graham, American mathematician

• 1936 – Michael Landon, American actor (d. 1991)

• 1937 – Tom Paxton, American singer-songwriter

• 1939 – Ron Rifkin, American actor

• 1939 – Tom O'Connor, British comedian

• 1939 – Ali Farka Touré, Malian musician (d. 2006)

• 1941 – Dan Alderson, American scientist

• 1941 – Derek Bell, British racing driver

• 1941 – Werner Krieglstein, Czech-American philosopher

• 1942 – Dave McNally, American baseball player (d. 2002)

• 1942 – David Ogden Stiers, American actor

• 1943 – Paul Frampton, English physicist

• 1943 – Brian Piccolo, American football player (d. 1970)

• 1944 – Kinky Friedman, American musician and novelist

• 1944 – Sally Kirkland, American actress

• 1945 – Brian Doyle-Murray, American comedian and actor

• 1945 – Russ Ballard, English rock singer/songwriter, guitarist (Argent)

• 1946 – Stephen Rea, Irish actor

• 1946 – Norman Lovett, British actor

• 1947 – Deidre Hall, American actress

• 1947 – Frank Shorter, American runner

• 1948 – Michael Kitchen, British actor

• 1949 – Bob Siebenberg, American drummer (Supertramp)

• 1950 – John Candy, Canadian comedian and actor (d. 1994)

• 1950 – Jozef Stolorz, Polish art painter

• 1950 – Jane Pauley, American news anchor

• 1950 – Zaha Hadid, British architect

• 1950 – Antonio Taguba, US Army Major General

• 1951 – Nick Saban, American college football coach

• 1951 – Dave Trembley, Major League Baseball manager (Baltimore Orioles)

• 1952 – Bernard Edwards, American bass guitarist (Chic) (d. 1996)

• 1953 – Michael J. Anderson, American actor

• 1953 – John Lucas II, American basketball player and coach

• 1954 – Ken Wahl, American actor

• 1956 – Anders Lago, Swedish Social Democratic politician

• 1957 – Robert Pollard, American rocker (Guided by Voices)

• 1957 – Brian Stokes Mitchell, American singer and actor

• 1957 – Shirley Phelps-Roper, American attorney

• 1958 – Jeannie Longo, French cyclist

• 1959 – Neal Stephenson, American author

• 1959 – Mats Näslund, Swedish ice hockey player

• 1960 – Luis Fortuño, Puerto Rican delegate to Congress

• 1960 – Arnaud Desplechin, French film director

• 1960 – Mike Gallego, American baseball player

• 1960 – Reza Pahlavi, former crown prince of Iran

• 1961 – Peter Jackson, New Zealand film director

• 1961 – Larry Mullen, Irish drummer (U2)

• 1961 – Alonzo Babers, American runner

• 1961 – Kate Campbell, American musician

• 1963 – Mikkey Dee, Swedish musician, drummer for Motörhead

• 1963 – Dunga, Brazilian footballer and manager

• 1963 – Johnny Marr, English guitarist and songwriter (The Smiths, Modest Mouse)

• 1963 – Fred McGriff, American baseball player

• 1963 – Dermot Mulroney, American actor

• 1963 – Rob Schneider, American actor

• 1964 – Colm Ó Cíosóig, Irish drummer (My Bloody Valentine, Hope Sandoval & the Warm Inventions)

• 1964 – Marco van Basten, Dutch footballer and manager

• 1964 – Marty Wright, American professional wrestler

• 1964 – Darryl Worley, American country singer

• 1965 – Denis Irwin, Irish footballer

• 1965 – Blue Edwards, American basketball player

• 1965 – Rob Rackstraw, voice actor

• 1966 – Joseph Boyden, Canadian novelist

• 1966 – Adam Horovitz (Adrock), American rapper (Beastie Boys)

• 1966 – Koji Kanemoto, Japanese professional wrestler

• 1966 – Annabella Lwin, British singer (Bow Wow Wow)

• 1966 – Mike O'Malley, American actor

• 1967 – Vanilla Ice, American rapper

• 1968 – Antonio Davis, American basketball player

• 1969 – David Coburn, American actor/voice actor

• 1970 – Nicky Wu, Taiwanese actor and martial arts expert

• 1970 – Linn Berggren, Swedish singer (Ace of Base)

• 1970 – Rogers Stevens, American guitarist (Blind Melon)

• 1970 – Mitch Harris, American guitarist (Napalm Death, among others)

• 1970 – Johnny Moeller, American blues guitarist

• 1970 – Steve Trachsel, American baseball player

• 1971 – Alphonso Ford, American basketball player (d. 2004)

• 1971 – Ian Walker, English footballer

• 1971 – Tom Smith, Scottish rugby player

• 1971 – Toby Anstis, British radio presenter

• 1972 – Shaun Bartlett, South African footballer

• 1972 – Matt Dawson, English rugby union footballer

• 1973 – Tim Byrdak, American baseball player

• 1973 – David Dellucci, American baseball player

• 1973 – Grigorios Georgatos, Greek footballer

• 1973 – Beverly Lynne, American erotic film actress

• 1974 – Muzzy Izzet, Turkish footballer

• 1974 – Natasja Saad, Danish hip hop and reggae artist (d. 2007)

• 1974 – Roger Manganelli, Brazilian musician (Less Than Jake)

• 1975 – Fabio Celestini, Swiss footballer

• 1975 – Keith Jardine, MMA fighter

• 1976 – Guti, Spanish footballer

• 1976 – Piper Perabo, American actress

• 1977 – Sylviane Félix, French athlete

• 1977 – Séverine Ferrer, French singer

• 1978 – Emmanuel Izonritei, Nigerian boxer

• 1978 – Zachary Knighton, American actor

• 1978 – Martin Verkerk, Dutch tennis player

• 1979 – Saaphyri Windsor, American reality TV figure

• 1979 – Simão Sabrosa, Portuguese footballer

• 1979 – Ricardo Fuller, Jamaican footballer

• 1980 – Eddie Kaye Thomas, American actor

• 1980 – Samaire Armstrong, American actress

• 1980 – Marcel Meeuwis, Dutch footballer

• 1980 – Alondra de la Parra, Mexican founder and artistic director of the New York-based Philharmonic Orchestra of the Americas

• 1981 – Irina Denezhkina, Russian writer

• 1981 – Frank Iero, American musician (My Chemical Romance, Leathermouth, Pencey Prep; founder of Skeleton Crew (record label))

• 1981 – Steven Hunter, American basketball player

• 1981 – Selina (Jiaxuan) Ren, Taiwanese singer (S.H.E)

• 1981 – Jon Crocker, American songwriter

• 1981 – Lollie Alexi Devereaux, French actress & writer

• 1982 – Jordan Bannister, Australian rules footballer

• 1982 – Tomáš Plekanec, Czech ice hockey player

• 1982 – Gabriela Irimia, Romanian/British singer (The Cheeky Girls)

• 1982 – Monica Irimia, Romanian/British singer (The Cheeky Girls)

• 1982 – Justin Chatwin, Canadian actor

• 1983 – Katy French, Irish model (d. 2007)

• 1986 – Christie Hayes, Australian actress

• 1986 – Chris Alajajian, Australian racing driver

• 1986 – Brent Corrigan, American pornographic actor

• 1987 – Nick Foligno, Canadian ice hockey player (Ottawa Senators)

• 1988 – Jack Riewoldt, Australian rules footballer

• 1988 – Sébastien Buemi, Swiss racing driver

• 1989 – Ben Brooks, British motocross racer

• 1990 – Lil' JJ, American comedian

• 2005 – Infanta Leonor of Spain, daughter of Felipe, Prince of Asturias and Letizia, Princess of Asturias

Deaths

• 1147 – Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester, English politician (b. c.1090)

• 1214 – Leonora of England, queen of Alfonso VIII of Castile (b. 1162)

• 1448 – John VIII Palaeologus, Byzantine Emperor (b. 1390)

• 1517 – Fra Bartolommeo, Italian artist (b. 1472)

• 1641 – Cornelis Jol, Dutch admiral and privateer (b. 1597)

• 1659 – John Bradshaw, English judge (b. 1602)

• 1723 – Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (b. 1642)

• 1732 – Victor Amadeus II of Savoy (b. 1666)

• 1733 – Eberhard IV Ludwig, Duke of Württemberg (b. 1676)

• 1744 – Leonardo Leo, Italian composer (b. 1694)

• 1765 – Prince William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, English military leader (b. 1721)

• 1768 – Francesco Maria Veracini, Italian composer (b. 1690)

• 1860 – Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald, British admiral (b. 1775)

• 1879 – Jacob Abbott, American author (b. 1803)

• 1879 – Joseph Hooker, American General (b. 1814)

• 1883 – Swami Dayananda Saraswati, founder of Arya Samaj (b. 1824)

• 1884 – Marie Bashkirtseff, Russian painter (b. 1858)

• 1913 – William Evans-Gordon, British politician (b. 1857)

• 1916 – Charles Taze Russell, American founder of the Jehovah's Witnesses (b. 1852)

• 1918 – Egon Schiele, Austrian painter (b. 1890)

• 1920 – Alphonse Desjardins, founder of the Caisses populaires Desjardins (b. 1854)

• 1925 – Max Linder, French actor, director and screenwriter (b. 1883)

• 1926 – Harry Houdini, Hungarian-born magician (b. 1874)

• 1929 – António José de Almeida, Portuguese politician and 6^th President of Portugal (b. 1866)

• 1939 – Otto Rank, Austrian psychologist (b. 1884)

• 1946 – Gabriel Gabrio, French actor (b. 1887)

• 1952 – U Chit Hlaing, Burmese politician (b. 1879)

• 1959 – Jean Cabannes, French physicist (b. 1885)

• 1972 – Bill Durnan, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1916)

• 1975 – SD Burman, Indian musician (b. 1906)

• 1983 – George Halas, American football player, coach, and team owner (b. 1895)

• 1984 – Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India (b. 1917)

• 1984 – Eduardo de Filippo, Italian actor and screenwriter (b. 1900)

• 1985 – Poul Reichhardt, Danish actor (b. 1913)

• 1985 – Nikos Engonopoulos, Greek painter and poet (b. 1907)

• 1985 – Anton Christoforidis, Greek boxer (b. 1918)

• 1986 – Robert S. Mulliken, American physicist and chemist, Nobel laureate (b. 1896)

• 1987 – Joseph Campbell, American author and expert on mythology (b. 1904)

• 1988 – John Houseman, Romanian-born actor and director (b. 1902)

• 1988 – Alfred Pellan, Québécois painter (b. 1906)

• 1991 – Joseph Papp, American theatrical producer (b. 1921)

• 1991 – Gene Anderson, American professional wrestler (b. 1933)

• 1993 – Federico Fellini, Italian director (b. 1920)

• 1993 – River Phoenix, American actor (b. 1970)

• 1995 – Rosalind Cash, American actress (b. 1938)

• 1996 – Marcel Carné, French film director (b. 1906)

• 1998 – Elmer Vasko, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1935)

• 1999 – Greg Moore, Canadian race car driver (b. 1975)

• 2000 – Watanabe Kazuki Japanese musician (Raphael) (b. 1981)

• 2000 – Ring Lardner, Jr., American screenwriter (b. 1915)

• 2001 – Régine Cavagnoud, French skier (b. 1970)

• 2002 – Lionel Poilâne, French baker and entrepreneur (b. 1945)

• 2002 – Michail Stasinopoulos, Greek politician, former president of Greece (b. 1903)

• 2002 – Raf Vallone, Italian actor (b. 1916)

• 2003 – Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer, Indian singer (b. 1908)

• 2003 – Richard Neustadt, American political historian (b. 1919)

• 2005 – Mary Wimbush, English actress (b. 1924)

• 2005 – John "Beatz" Holohan, American drummer (Bayside) (b. 1974)

• 2005 – Hal Anger, American biophysicist (b. 1920)

• 2006 – Pieter Willem Botha, President of South Africa (b. 1916)

• 2006 – Peter Fryer, English Marxist writer and journalist (b. 1927)

• 2007 – Ray Gravell, Welsh rugby union footballer (b. 1951)

• 2009 – Qian Xuesen, Chinese scientist (b. 1911)

• 2009 – Padmapriye Hiremagalur, Indian educationist and philanthropist (b. 1925)

• 2009 – Tom Wheatcroft, English businessman (b. 1922)

Holidays and observances

• Halloween

• Cornwall, United Kingdom – Allantide

• Slovenia and Protestant Church– Reformation Day

• Roman Catholic Saints – October 31 is the feast day of the following Roman Catholic Saints:

• *St. Arnulf

• *St. Bega

• *St. Quentin

• *St. Urban

• *St. Wolfgang

• Coptic Orthodox Church

• *Abaidas

• Gaels – Samhain

• Neopaganism – Samhain in the northern hemisphere, Beltane in the southern hemisphere (or on November 1)

• Mr. Ghost Day