Events

• 1096 – People's Crusade: The Turkish army annihilates the People's Army of the West.

• 1512 – Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg.

• 1520 – Ferdinand Magellan discovers a strait now known as Strait of Magellan.

• 1600 – Tokugawa Ieyasu defeats the leaders of rival Japanese clans in the Battle of Sekigahara, which marks the beginning of the Tokugawa shogunate that in effect rules Japan until the mid-nineteenth century.

• 1774 – First display of the word "Liberty" on a flag, raised by colonists in Taunton, Massachusetts in defiance of British rule in Colonial America.

• 1797 – In Boston Harbor, the 44-gun United States Navy frigate is launched.

• 1805 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Trafalgar: A British fleet led by Vice Admiral Lord Nelson defeats a combined French and Spanish fleet off the coast of Spain under Admiral Villeneuve. It signals almost the end of French maritime power and leaves Britain's navy unchallenged until the twentieth century.

• 1805 – Napoleonic Wars: Austrian General Mack surrenders his army to the Grand Army of Napoleon at the Battle of Ulm. 30,000 prisoners are captured and 10,000 casualties inflicted on the losers.

• 1816 – The Penang Free School is founded in George Town, Penang, Malaysia, by the Rev Hutchings. It is the oldest English-language school in Southeast Asia.

• 1824 – Joseph Aspdin patents Portland cement.

• 1854 – Florence Nightingale and a staff of 38 nurses are sent to the Crimean War.

• 1861 – American Civil War: Battle of Ball's Bluff – Union forces under Colonel Edward Baker are defeated by Confederate troops in the second major battle of the war. Baker, a close friend of Abraham Lincoln, is killed in the fighting.

• 1867 – Manifest Destiny: Medicine Lodge Treaty – Near Medicine Lodge, Kansas a landmark treaty is signed by southern Great Plains Indian leaders. The treaty requires Native American Plains tribes to relocate a reservation in western Oklahoma.

• 1879 – Using a filament of carbonized thread, Thomas Edison tests the first practical electric incandescent light bulb (it lasted 13½ hours before burning out).

• 1892 – Opening ceremonies for the World's Columbian Exposition are held in Chicago, though because construction was behind schedule, the exposition did not open until May 1, 1893.

• 1895 – The Republic of Formosa collapses as Japanese forces invade.

• 1902 – In the United States, a five month strike by United Mine Workers ends.

• 1912 – During the First Balkan War, Kardzhali is liberated by Bulgarian forces

• 1921 – President Warren G. Harding delivers the first speech by a sitting President against lynching in the deep south.

• 1921 – George Melford's silent film, The Sheik, starring Rudolph Valentino, premiers.

• 1944 – The first kamikaze attack: A Japanese plane carrying a bomb attacks off Leyte Island, as the Battle of Leyte Gulf began.

• 1945 – Women's suffrage: Women are allowed to vote in France for the first time.

• 1945 – Argentine military officer and politician Juan Perón marries actress Evita.

• 1959 – In New York City, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, opens to the public.

• 1959 – President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs an executive order transferring Wernher von Braun and other German scientists from the United States Army to NASA.

• 1965 – Comet Ikeya-Seki approaches perihelion, passing 450,000 kilometers from the sun.

• 1966 – Aberfan disaster: A slag heap collapses on the village of Aberfan in Wales, killing 144 people, mostly schoolchildren.

• 1967 – Vietnam War: More than 100,000 war protesters gather in Washington, D.C.. A peaceful rally at the Lincoln Memorial is followed by a march to The Pentagon and clashes with soldiers and United States Marshals protecting the facility. Similar demonstrations occurred simultaneously in Japan and Western Europe.

• 1969 – A coup d'état in Somalia brings Siad Barre to power.

• 1973 – John Paul Getty III's ear is cut off by his kidnappers and sent to a newspaper in Rome; it doesn't arrive until November 8.

• 1973 – Fred Dryer of the then Los Angeles Rams becomes the first player in NFL history to score two safeties in the same game.

• 1977 – The European Patent Institute is founded.

• 1978 – Australian civilian pilot Frederick Valentich vanishes in a Cessna 182 over the Bass Strait south of Melbourne, after reporting contact with an unidentified aircraft.

• 1979 – Moshe Dayan resigns from the Israeli government because of strong disagreements with Prime Minister Menachem Begin over policy towards the Arabs.

• 1983 – The metre is defined at the seventeenth General Conference on Weights and Measures as the distance light travels in a vacuum in 1/299,792,458 of a second.

• 1986 – In Lebanon, pro-Iranian kidnappers claim to have abducted American writer Edward Tracy (he is released in August 1991).

• 1987 – Jaffna hospital massacre is carried out by Indian Peace Keeping Force in Sri Lanka killing 70 ethnic Tamil patients, doctors and nurses.

• 1994 – North Korea nuclear weapons program: North Korea and the United States sign an agreement that requires North Korea to stop its nuclear weapons program and agree to inspections.

• 1994 – In Seoul, 32 people are killed when the Seongsu Bridge collapses.

• 2003 – Images of the dwarf planet Eris are taken and subsequently used in its discovery by the team of Michael E. Brown, Chad Trujillo, and David L. Rabinowitz.

Births

• 1449 – George, Duke of Clarence, brother of Edward IV and Richard III (d. 1478)

• 1527 – Louis I, Cardinal of Guise, French cardinal (d. 1578)

• 1581 – Domenico Zampieri, Italian painter (d. 1641)

• 1650 – Jean Bart, French admiral (d. 1702)

• 1660 – Georg Ernst Stahl, German scientist (d. 1734)

• 1675 – Emperor Higashiyama of Japan (d. 1710)

• 1687 – Nicolaus I Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician (d. 1759)

• 1712 – Sir James Steuart, British economist (d. 1780)

• 1725 – Franz Moritz Graf von Lacy, Austrian field marshal (d. 1801)

• 1757 – Pierre Augereau, Marshal of France and duc de Castiglione (d. 1816)

• 1762 – Herman Willem Daendels, Dutch statesman (d. 1818)

• 1772 – Samuel Taylor Coleridge, British poet (d. 1834)

• 1775 – Giuseppe Baini, Italian composer (d. 1844)

• 1790 – Alphonse de Lamartine, French writer (d. 1869)

• 1821 – Eduard Heine, German mathematician (d. 1881)

• 1833 – Alfred Nobel, Swedish inventor and founder of the Nobel Prize (d. 1896)

• 1845 – Will Carleton, American poet (d. 1912)

• 1847 – Giuseppe Giacosa, Italian writer (d. 1906)

• 1851 – George Ulyett, English cricketer (d. 1898)

• 1884 – Claire Waldoff, German singer and entertainer (d. 1957)

• 1886 – Eugene Burton Ely, American aviation pioneer (d. 1911)

• 1894 – Rampo Edogawa, Japanese author and critic (d. 1965)

• 1895 – Edna Purviance, American actress (d. 1958)

• 1898 – Eduard Pütsep, Estonian wrestler and Olympic medalist (d. 1960)

• 1904 – Patrick Kavanagh, Irish poet (d. 1967)

• 1906 – Lillian Asplund, last American Titanic survivor (d. 2006)

• 1907 – Nikos Engonopoulos, Greek painter and poet (d. 1985)

• 1912 – Sir Georg Solti, Hungarian conductor (d. 1997)

• 1912 – Alfredo Pián, Argentine racing driver (d. 1990)

• 1914 – Martin Gardner, American mathematician and writer

• 1917 – Dizzy Gillespie, American musician (d. 1993)

• 1918 – Milton Himmelfarb, American sociographer (d. 2006)

• 1921 – Sir Malcolm Arnold, British composer (d. 2006)

• 1922 – Liliane de Bettencourt, heir to L'Oreal

• 1924 – Celia Cruz, Cuban singer, Queen of Salsa. (d. 2003)

• 1924 – Joyce Randolph, American actress

• 1925 – Louis J. Robichaud, Canadian premier of New Brunswick (d. 2005)

• 1927 – Fritz Wintersteller, Austrian mountaineer who made the first ascent of Broad Peak

• 1928 – Whitey Ford, American baseball player

• 1929 – Ursula K. Le Guin, American author

• 1930 – Ivan Stepanovich Silayev, Last prime minister of the Soviet Union

• 1931 – Vivian Pickles, English actress.

• 1938 – Carl Brewer, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2001)

• 1940 – Geoff Boycott, English cricketer

• 1940 – Manfred Mann, English musician

• 1940 – Frances FitzGerald, American journalist and author

• 1941 – Steve Cropper, American musician

• 1942 – Elvin Bishop, American musician

• 1942 – Judy Sheindlin, American judge ("Judge Judy")

• 1942 – Allan Grice, Australian racing driver

• 1942 – Lou Lamoriello, New Jersey Devils General Manager

• 1943 – Tariq Ali, Pakistani author and historian

• 1945 – Everett McGill, American actor

• 1946 – Jim Hill, American sportscaster

• 1946 – Lux Interior, American singer (The Cramps) (d. 2009)

• 1946 – Lee Loughnane, American musician

• 1948 – Shaye Cohen, Historian and Professor at Harvard University

• 1948 – Tom Everett, American actor

• 1949 – Michel Brière, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1971)

• 1949 – Mike Keenan, Canadian ice hockey coach

• 1949 – Benjamin Netanyahu, 9th Prime Minister of Israel

• 1950 – Ronald McNair, American astronaut (d. 1986)

• 1952 – Trevor Chappell, Australian cricketer

• 1952 – Patti Davis, American actress and novelist, daughter of Ronald Reagan

• 1952 – Allen Hoey, American poet and novelist

• 1952 – Brent Mydland, American keyboardist (Grateful Dead) (d. 1990)

• 1953 – Keith Green, American musician (d. 1982)

• 1953 – Peter Mandelson, British politician

• 1953 – Charlotte Caffey, American musician (The Go-Go's)

• 1954 – Brian Tobin, Canadian premier of Newfoundland

• 1955 – Rich Mullins, American musician (d. 1997)

• 1956 – Carrie Fisher, American actress and writer

• 1957 – Julian Cope, English musician and writer

• 1957 – Wolfgang Ketterle, German physicist, Nobel laureate

• 1957 – Steve Lukather, American musician

• 1959 – George Bell, Dominican baseball player

• 1959 – Tony Ganios, American Actor

• 1959 – Rose McDowall, Scottish musician

• 1959 – Ken Watanabe, Japanese actor

• 1962 – David Campese, Australian rugby union footballer

• 1964 – Jon Carin, American musician (Pink Floyd, The Who)

• 1965 – Hisashi Imai, Japanese musician (BUCK-TICK, Lucy)

• 1965 – Ion Andoni Goikoetxea, Spanish footballer

• 1967 – Paul Ince, English footballer

• 1968 – Melora Walters, American actress

• 1969 – Salman bin Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, crown prince of Bahrain

• 1969 – Mo Lewis, American football player

• 1969 – Michael Hancock, Australian rugby league footballer

• 1970 – Louis Koo, Hong Kong actor

• 1971 – Conor O'Shea, Irish rugby player

• 1971 – Damien Martyn, Australian cricketer

• 1971 – Jade Jagger, Socialite and Jewellery Designer

• 1971 – Nick Oliveri, American musician

• 1971 – Paul Norman Telfer, Scottish footballer

• 1972 – Felicity Andersen, Australian actress

• 1972 – Saffron Burrows, English actress

• 1972 – Masakazu Morita, seiyu and actor

• 1972 – Matthew Friedberger, American musician (The Fiery Furnaces)

• 1972 – Evhen Tsybulenko, Ukrainian professor of international law

• 1973 – Lera Auerbach, Russian composer

• 1974 – Costel Busuioc, Romanian tenor

• 1975 – Toby Hall, American baseball player

• 1975 – Henrique Hilário, Portuguese footballer

• 1976 – Jeremy Miller, American actor

• 1976 – Lavinia Miloşovici, Romanian gymnast

• 1976 – Josh Ritter, American musician

• 1976 – Mélanie Turgeon, Canadian alpine skier

• 1978 – Will Estes, American actor

• 1978 – Joey Harrington, American football player

• 1978 – Henrik Klingenberg, Member of Finnish band, Sonata Arctica

• 1979 – Khalil Greene, American baseball player

• 1979 – Gabe Gross, American baseball player

• 1980 – Kim Kardashian, American socialite, Model, Reality T.V. Star.

• 1980 – Brian Pittman, American musician (Relient K)

• 1981 – Nemanja Vidić, Serbian footballer

• 1982 – James White, American basketball player

• 1982 – Matt Dallas, American actor

• 1982 – Tim Wildsmith, American musician

• 1983 – Zack Greinke, American baseball player

• 1983 – Andy Marté, Dominican baseball player

• 1983 – Charlotte Sullivan, Canadian actress

• 1983 – Ninet Tayeb, Israeli singer

• 1983 – Shelden Williams, American basketball player

• 1984 – Kenny Cooper, American footballer

• 1984 – Anouk Leblanc-Boucher, Canadian speed skater

• 1984 – Marvin Mitchell, American football player

• 1984 – Kieran Richardson, English footballer

• 1986 – Chibuzor Chilaka, Nigerian footballer

• 1986 – Natalee Holloway, American missing person (missing since 2005)

• 1986 – Christopher Uckermann, Mexican actor and singer (RBD)

• 1990 – Ricky Rubio, Spanish basketball player

• 1992 – Bernard Tomic, Australian tennis player

Deaths

• 1125 – Cosmas of Prague, Bohemian writer

• 1204 – Robert de Beaumont, 4th Earl of Leicester, English nobleman

• 1221 – Alix of Thouars, Duchess of Brittany (b. 1201)

• 1266 – Birger jarl, Swedish statesman (b. 1210)

• 1422 – King Charles VI of France (b. 1368)

• 1500 – Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado of Japan (b. 1442)

• 1505 – Paul Scriptoris, German mathematician

• 1558 – Julius Caesar Scaliger, Italian scholar (b. 1484)

• 1600 – Toda Katsushige, Japanese warlord (b. 1557)

• 1623 – William Wade, English statesman and diplomat (b. 1546)

• 1662 – Henry Lawes, English composer (b. 1595)

• 1687 – Sir Edmund Waller, English poet (b. 1606)

• 1765 – Giovanni Paolo Pannini, Italian painter and architect (b. 1691)

• 1775 – Peyton Randolph, American president of the Continental Congress (b. 1721)

• 1777 – Samuel Foote, English dramatist and actor (b. 1720)

• 1805 – Horatio Nelson, British admiral (b. 1758)

• 1872 – Jacques Babinet, French physicist (b. 1794)

• 1873 – Johann Sebastian Welhaven, Norwegian poet (b. 1807)

• 1896 – James Henry Greathead, British engineer (b. 1844)

• 1904 – Isabelle Eberhardt, Swiss explorer and writer (b. 1877)

• 1907 – Jules Chevalier, French priest (b. 1824)

• 1931 – Arthur Schnitzler, Austrian writer (b. 1862)

• 1940 – William G. Conley, Governor of West Virginia (b. 1866)

• 1944 – Alois Kayser, German missionary to Nauru (b. 1877)

• 1952 – Hans Merensky, South African geologist and philanthropist (b. 1871)

• 1963 – Józef Franczak, last cursed soldier – anticommunist underground in Poland (b. 1918)

• 1965 – Bill Black, American musician (b. 1926)

• 1969 – Jack Kerouac, American novelist (b. 1922)

• 1969 – Waclaw Sierpinski, Polish mathematician (b. 1882)

• 1973 – Nasif Estéfano, Argentine racing driver (b. 1932)

• 1975 – Charles Reidpath, American athlete (b. 1887)

• 1978 – Anastas Mikoyan, Soviet politician (b. 1895)

• 1980 – Hans Asperger, Austrian psychologist (b. 1906)

• 1984 – François Truffaut, French film director (b. 1932)

• 1985 – Dan White, American politician, assailant in the Moscone-Milk assassinations (b. 1946)

• 1986 – Lionel Murphy, Australian politician and judge (b. 1922)

• 1989 – Jean Image, Hungarian-born French animator (b. 1910)

• 1990 – Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar, Indian spiritual leader (b. 1921)

• 1992 – Jim Garrison, American attorney (b. 1921)

• 1993 – Sam Zolotow, American theater reporter (b. 1899)

• 1995 – Shannon Hoon, American singer (Blind Melon) (b. 1967)

• 1995 – Jesús Blasco, Spanish comic book author (b. 1919)

• 1995 – Maxene Andrews, American singer (The Andrews Sisters) (b. 1916)

• 1996 – Georgios Zoitakis, Greek Army general and regent (b. 1910)

• 1998 – Francis W. Sargent, 64^th Governor of Massachusetts (b. 1915)

• 1999 – Lars Bo, Danish artist and writer (b. 1924)

• 2003 – Fred Berry, American actor (b. 1951)

• 2003 – Luis A. Ferré, Governor of Puerto Rico (b. 1904)

• 2003 – Louise Day Hicks, American politician (b. 1916)

• 2003 – Elliott Smith, American musician (b. 1969)

• 2005 – Tara Correa-McMullen, American actress (b. 1989)

• 2006 – Sandy West, American musician (The Runaways) (b. 1959)

• 2007 – Paul Fox, English musician and singer (The Ruts) (b. 1951)

Holidays and observances

• Apple Day in the United Kingdom

• Overseas Chinese Day in the Republic of China

• Trafalgar Day — celebrated throughout much of the British Empire in the 19th and early 20th Century.

• R.C. saints – Saint Ursula; Saint Hilarion; John of Bridlington

• French Republican Calendar – Tonneau (Barrel) Day, thirtieth day in the Month of Vendémiaire

• International Day of the Nacho- Mexico and USA