Events

• 1187 – Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule.

• 1263 – The battle of Largs is fought between Norwegians and Scots.

• 1535 – Jacques Cartier discovers Montreal, Quebec.

• 1552 – Conquest of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible.

• 1780 – John André, British Army officer of the American Revolutionary War, is hanged as a spy by American forces.

• 1789 – George Washington sends the proposed Constitutional amendments (The United States Bill of Rights) to the States for ratification.

• 1814 – Battle of Rancagua: Spanish Royalists troops under Mariano Osorio defeated rebel Chilean forces of Bernardo O'Higgins and Jose Miguel Carrera.

• 1835 – The Texas Revolution begins with the Battle of Gonzales: Mexican soldiers attempt to disarm the people of Gonzales, Texas, but encounter stiff resistance from a hastily assembled militia.

• 1851 – The pasilalinic-sympathetic compass is demonstrated but proves to be a fake.

• 1864 – American Civil War: Battle of Saltville – Union forces attack Saltville, Virginia, but are defeated by Confederate troops.

• 1889 – In Colorado, Nicholas Creede strikes it rich in silver during the last great silver boom of the American Old West.

• 1919 – US President Woodrow Wilson suffers a massive stroke, leaving him partially paralyzed.

• 1924 – The Geneva Protocol (1924) is adopted as a means to strengthen the League of Nations, but later failed to get ratified.

• 1925 – John Logie Baird performs the first test of a working television system.

• 1928 – The "Prelature of the Holy Cross and the Work of God", commonly known as Opus Dei, is founded by Saint Josemaría Escrivá.

• 1938 – Tiberias massacre: Arabs murder 20 Jews.

• 1941 – World War II: In Operation Typhoon, Germany begins an all-out offensive against Moscow.

• 1944 – World War II: Nazi troops end the Warsaw Uprising.

• 1950 – Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz is first published

• 1958 – Guinea declares its independence from France.

• 1959 – The anthology series The Twilight Zone premieres on CBS television.

• 1967 – Thurgood Marshall is sworn in as the first African-American justice of United States Supreme Court.

• 1968 – A peaceful student demonstration in Mexico City ends in the Tlatelolco massacre.

• 1970 – A plane carrying the Wichita State University football team, administrators, and supporters crashes in Colorado killing 31 people.

• 1990 – A Chinese airline Boeing 737-247 is hijacked; after landing at Guangzhou, it crashes into two airliners on the ground, killing 132 people.

• 1992 – The Carandiru Massacre takes place after a riot in the Carandiru Penitentiary in São Paulo, Brazil.

• 1996 – The Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments are signed by U.S. President Bill Clinton.

• 1996 – An AeroPerú Boeing 757 crashes in Pacific Ocean shortly after takeoff from Lima, Peru, killing 70.

• 1997 – European Union: The Amsterdam Treaty is signed.

• 2001 – NATO backs US military strikes following 9/11.

• 2001 – Swissair liquidates and the airline is replaced by SWISS.

• 2002 – The Beltway sniper attacks begin, extending over three weeks.

• 2004 – American Samoa joins the North American Numbering Plan.

• 2005 – Ethan Allen Boating Accident: The Ethan Allen tour boat capsizes on Lake George in Upstate New York, killing twenty people.

• 2005 – NFL plays first regular season game outside United States when the Arizona Cardinals defeat the San Francisco 49ers 31-14 in Mexico City, Mexico

• 2006 – Five school girls are murdered by Charles Carl Roberts in a shooting at an Amish school in Nickel Mines, Pennsylvania before Roberts commits suicide.

• 2007 – President Roh Moo-hyun of South Korea walks across the Military Demarcation Line into North Korea on his way to the second Inter-Korean Summit with North Korean leader Kim Jong Il.

Births

• 1452 – King Richard III of England (d. 1485)

• 1470 – Isabella of Naples, Duchess of Milan (d. 1524)

• 1538 – Saint Charles Borromeo, Italian cardinal (d. 1584)

• 1644 – François-Timoléon de Choisy, French writer (d. 1724)

• 1722 – Leopold Widhalm, Austrian luthier (d. 1776)

• 1737 – Francis Hopkinson, signer of the United States Declaration of Independence (d. 1791)

• 1768 – William Carr Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford, British general and politician (d. 1854)

• 1798 – King Charles Albert of Sardinia (d. 1849)

• 1800 – Nat Turner, American leader of slave uprising (d. 1831)

• 1828 – Charles Floquet, French statesman (d. 1896)

• 1832 – Edward Burnett Tylor, English anthropologist (d. 1917)

• 1833 – Rev. William Corby, American Catholic priest (d. 1897)

• 1847 – Paul von Hindenburg, German officer and politician (d. 1934)

• 1851 – Ferdinand Foch, French soldier (d. 1929)

• 1852 – William Ramsay, Scottish chemist (d. 1916)

• 1869 – Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (also known as Mahatma Gandhi), Indian politician and spiritual leader (d. 1948)

• 1871 – Cordell Hull, United States Secretary of State, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1955)

• 1871 – Martha Brookes Hutcheson, American landscape architect (d. 1959)

• 1873 – Stephen Warfield Gambrill, U.S. Congressman for Maryland's 5th District (d. 1924)

• 1873 – Plum Warner, English cricketer (d. 1963)

• 1879 – Wallace Stevens, American poet (d. 1955)

• 1882 – Boris Shaposhnikov, Russian military commander (d. 1945)

• 1890 – Groucho Marx, American comedian and actor (d. 1977)

• 1893 – Leroy Shield, American film score and radio composer (Our Gang, Laurel and Hardy) (d. 1962)

• 1895 – Bud Abbott, American comedian and actor (d. 1974)

• 1896 – Liaqat Ali Khan, Pakistan's first Prime Minister (d. 1951)

• 1901 – Alice Prin, French singer and artist (d. 1953)

• 1902 – Leopold Figl, Austrian politician (d. 1965)

• 1904 – Graham Greene, British novelist (d. 1991)

• 1904 – Lal Bahadur Shastri, Prime Minister of India (d. 1966)

• 1907 – Alexander R. Todd, Baron Todd, Scottish chemist, Nobel laureate (d. 1997)

• 1911 – Jack Finney, American author (d. 1995)

• 1913 – Karl Miller, German footballer (d. 1967)

• 1914 – Jack Parsons, American rocket scientist, author, and occultist (d. 1952)

• 1914 – Bernarr Rainbow, historian of music education, organist, and choir master (d. 1998)

• 1917 – Christian de Duve, English-born biologist, Nobel laureate

• 1917 – Charles Drake, American actor (d. 1994)

• 1921 – Albert Scott Crossfield, American test pilot (d. 2006)

• 1921 – Robert Runcie, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 2000)

• 1926 – Jan Morris, English writer

• 1928 – George "Spanky" McFarland, American actor (d. 1993)

• 1928 – Wolfhart Pannenberg, German theologian

• 1929 – Howard Roberts, American musician (d. 1992)

• 1929 – Moses Gunn, American actor (d. 1993)

• 1929 – Cesare Maestri, Italian climber, famous for climbing Cerro Torre

• 1930 – Dave Barrett, Premier of British Columbia

• 1932 – Maury Wills, American baseball player

• 1933 – Phill Niblock, American composer, filmmaker and videographer

• 1934 – Earl Wilson, American baseball player (d. 2005)

• 1935 – Omar Sivori, Argentine football player (d. 2005)

• 1936 – Dick Barnett, American basketball player

• 1937 – Johnnie L. Cochran Jr., American attorney (d. 2005)

• 1938 – Eddie Cochran, American singer (d. 1960)

• 1938 – Rex Reed, American movie critic and actor

• 1938 – Waheed Murad, Pakistani film actor and director (d. 1983)

• 1940 – Gheorghe Gruia, Romanian handball player

• 1941 – Zareh Baronian, Armenian theologian

• 1943 – Franklin Rosemont, American artist

• 1945 – Don McLean, American songwriter

• 1946 – Gen.Sonthi Boonyaratglin, President of Council for National Security and Commander-in-Chief of Royal Thai Army

• 1946 – Eric Peterson, Canadian actor

• 1948 – Avery Brooks, American actor

• 1948 – Trevor Brooking, English footballer

• 1948 – Donna Karan, American fashion designer

• 1948 – Chris LeDoux, American musician and rodeo performer (d. 2005)

• 1949 – Richard Hell, American musician

• 1949 – Annie Leibovitz, American photographer

• 1950 – Persis Khambatta, Indian actress (d. 1998)

• 1950 – Ian McNeice, English actor

• 1950 – Mike Rutherford, English musician (Genesis)

• 1951 – Sting, English musician and actor

• 1951 – Romina Power, Italian singer

• 1952 – Robin Riker, American actress

• 1952 – Wahed Wafa, Afghan singer

• 1954 – Lorraine Bracco, American actress

• 1955 – Phil Oakey, English singer (The Human League)

• 1957 – Wade Dooley, English rugby union player

• 1960 – Al Connelly, Canadian Musician/Songwriter

• 1960 – Glenn Anderson, Canadian ice hockey player

• 1960 – Robbie Nevil, American singer and songwriter

• 1962 – Sigtryggur Baldursson, Icelandic drummer (The Sugarcubes)

• 1962 – Aziz M. Osman, Malaysian actor and director

• 1962 – Jeff Bennett, American voice actor

• 1964 – Dirk Brinkmann, German field hockey player

• 1964 – Sam Bockarie, RUF Rebel Military Commander

• 1966 – Rodney Anoa'i (Yokozuna), Samoan-American professional wrestler (d. 2000)

• 1967 – Frankie Fredericks, Namibian athlete

• 1967 – Bud Gaugh, American musician (Sublime)

• 1967 – Gillian Welch, American singer and songwriter

• 1968 – Victoria Derbyshire, British radio presenter

• 1968 – Jeff Martin, Canadian singer/songwriter (The Tea Party)

• 1968 – Jana Novotná, Czech tennis player

• 1968 – Glen Wesley, Canadian ice hockey player

• 1969 – Mitch English, American actor

• 1969 – Damon Gough, English singer

• 1969 – Jun Akiyama, Japanese professional wrestler

• 1970 – Eddie Guardado, American baseball relief pitcher

• 1970 – Kelly Ripa, American actress

• 1970 – Colin Rivas, Galician artist

• 1970 – Maribel Verdú, Spanish actress

• 1971 – James Root, American guitarist (Slipknot)

• 1971 – Tiffany, American singer

• 1971 – LeShaun, American rapper

• 1972 – Tara Dawn Holland, Miss America 1997

• 1972 – Aaron McKie, American basketball player

• 1973 – Lene, Norwegian singer (Aqua)

• 1973 – Efren Ramirez, American actor

• 1973 – Scott Schoeneweis, American baseball player

• 1973 – Verka Serduchka, Ukrainian entertainer

• 1973 – Maria Wetterstrand, Swedish politician

• 1973 – Proof, American rapper (D12) (d. 2006)

• 1974 – Simon Gregson, British actor

• 1974 – Michelle Krusiec, American actress

• 1974 – Mark Porter, New Zealand racing driver (d. 2006)

• 1974 – Sam Roberts, Canadian singer and songwriter

• 1974 – Paul Teutul Jr., American custom motorcycle builder

• 1976 – Jason Dodson, American political consultant and teacher of esotericism

• 1976 – Mandisa, American singer

• 1976 – John Thornton, American football player

• 1976 – Anita Kulcsár, Hungarian handball player (d. 2005)

• 1978 – Ayumi Hamasaki, Japanese singer

• 1979 – Primož Brezec, Slovenian basketball player

• 1979 – Francisco Fonseca, Mexican footballer

• 1979 – Maja Ivarsson, Swedish singer (The Sounds)

• 1980 – Shane Andrus, American football player

• 1981 – Luke Wilkshire, Australian footballer

• 1981 – Toro, Taiwanese singer

• 1982 – Tyson Chandler, American basketball player

• 1982 – George Pettit, Canadian singer (Alexisonfire)

• 1982 – Amber Lee Ettinger, American actress

• 1985 – Buster Davis, American football player

• 1986 – Camilla Belle, American actress

• 1987 – Phil Kessel, American ice hockey player

• 1989 – Karissa and Kristina Shannon, models

• 1990 – Dean Bouzanis, Australian footballer

• 1993 – Tara Lynne Barr, American actress

Deaths

• 939 – Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine

• 1559 – Jacquet of Mantua, French composer (b. 1483)

• 1626 – Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, conde de Gondomar, Spanish diplomat (b. 1567)

• 1629 – Pierre de Bérulle, French cardinal and statesman (b. 1575)

• 1629 – Antonio Cifra, Italian composer (b. 1584)

• 1708 – Anne-Jules, 2nd duc de Noailles, French general (b. 1650)

• 1724 – François-Timoléon de Choisy, French writer (b. 1644)

• 1746 – Josiah Burchett, English Secretary of the Admiralty

• 1764 – William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1720)

• 1775 – Chiyo-ni, Japanese poet (b. 1703)

• 1780 – John André, British Army officer (executed) (b. 1750)

• 1782 – Charles Lee, British and U.S. general (b. 1732)

• 1786 – Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel, British admiral (b. 1725)

• 1803 – Samuel Adams, American revolutionary leader (b. 1722)

• 1804 – Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot, French steam vehicle pioneer (b. 1725)

• 1817 – Fyodor Fyodorovich Ushakov, Russian naval commander and admiral (b. 1744)

• 1850 – Sarah Biffen, English painter (b. 1784)

• 1853 – François Jean Dominique Arago, French mathematician (b. 1786)

• 1927 – Svante Arrhenius, Swedish chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1859)

• 1938 – Alexandru Averescu, Romanian soldier and politician (b. 1859)

• 1947 – Peter D. Ouspensky, Russian mathematician and philosopher (b. 1878)

• 1962 – Boris Y. Bukreev, Russian mathematician (b. 1859)

• 1968 – Marcel Duchamp, French artist (b. 1887)

• 1971 – Bola de Nieve, Cuban singer, pianist, and songwriter (b. 1911)

• 1973 – Paul Hartman, American actor (b. 1904)

• 1973 – Paavo Nurmi, Finnish runner (b. 1897)

• 1974 – Vasily Shukshin, Russian writer, actor, screenwriter, and director (b. 1929)

• 1975 – Kumaraswami Kamaraj, Indian political leader, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu (b. 1903)

• 1981 – Harry Golden, American journalist (b. 1902)

• 1981 – Hazel Scott, West Indian-born singer (b. 1920)

• 1985 – Rock Hudson, American actor (b. 1925)

• 1987 – Peter Medawar, Brazilian-born scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1915)

• 1987 – Madeleine Carroll, British-born actress (b. 1906)

• 1988 – Alec Issigonis, Greek-British car designer, developer of the Mini (b. 1906)

• 1994 – Harriet Hilliard Nelson, American actress (b. 1909)

• 1996 – Robert Bourassa, politician, premier of Quebec (b. 1933)

• 1998 – Gene Autry, American singer, actor, and entrepreneur (b. 1907)

• 1998 – Olivier Gendebien, Belgian racing driver (b. 1924)

• 1999 – Heinz G. Konsalik, German novelist (b. 1921)

• 2001 – Franz Biebl, German composer (b. 1906)

• 2002 – Heinz von Foerster, Austrian-born physicist and philosopher (b. 1911)

• 2003 – John T. Dunlop, U.S. Secretary of Labor (b. 1914)

• 2005 – Bert Eriksson, Belgian neo-Nazi (b. 1931)

• 2005 – Nipsey Russell, American comedian (b. 1918)

• 2005 – August Wilson, American playwright (b. 1945)

• 2006 – Helen Chenoweth-Hage, American politician (b. 1938)

• 2006 – Tamara Dobson, American actress (b. 1947)

• 2006 – Paul Halmos, Hungarian-born American mathematician (b. 1916)

• 2007 – Dan Keating, Irish politician (b. 1902)

• 2007 – Tex Coulter, American football player (b. 1924)

• 2007 – Christopher Derrick, British writer (b. 1921)

• 2008 – Rob Guest, New Zealand entertainer (b. 1950)

• 2008 – Choi Jin-sil, South Korean actress (b. 1968)

Holidays and observances

• International Day of Non-Violence to commemorate birthday of Mahatma Gandhi

• Guinea – Independence Day (from France, 1958)

• India – Gandhi Jayanti (birthday of Mahatma Gandhi, 1869)