Events

• 1095 – The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land, begins.

• 1493 – Christopher Columbus goes ashore on an island he first saw the day before. He names it San Juan Bautista (later renamed Puerto Rico).

• 1794 – The United States and the Kingdom of Great Britain sign Jay's Treaty, which attempts to resolve some of the lingering problems left over from the American Revolutionary War.

• 1816 – Warsaw University is established.

• 1847 – The second Canadian railway line, the Montreal and Lachine Railway, is opened.

• 1863 – American Civil War: U.S. President Abraham Lincoln delivers the Gettysburg Address at the dedication of the military cemetery ceremony at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.

• 1881 – A meteorite lands near the village of Grossliebenthal, southwest of Odessa, Ukraine.

• 1916 – Samuel Goldwyn and Edgar Selwyn establish Goldwyn Pictures (the company later became one of the most successful independent filmmakers).

• 1941 – World War II: Battle between HMAS Sydney and HSK Kormoran. The two ships sink each other off the coast of Western Australia, with the loss of 645 Australians and about 77 German seamen.

• 1942 – World War II: Battle of Stalingrad – Soviet Union forces under General Georgy Zhukov launch the Operation Uranus counterattacks at Stalingrad, turning the tide of the battle in the USSR's favor.

• 1943 – Holocaust: Nazis liquidate Janowska concentration camp in Lemberg (Lviv), western Ukraine, murdering at least 6,000 Jews after a failed uprising and mass escape attempt.

• 1944 – World War II: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt announces the 6th War Loan Drive, aimed at selling $14 billion USD in war bonds to help pay for the war effort.

• 1946 – Afghanistan, Iceland and Sweden join the United Nations.

• 1950 – US General Dwight D. Eisenhower becomes supreme commander of NATO-Europe

• 1954 – Télé Monte Carlo, Europe's oldest private television channel, is launched by Prince Rainier III.

• 1955 – National Review publishes its first issue.

• 1959 – The Ford Motor Company announces the discontinuation of the unpopular Edsel.

• 1967 – The establishment of TVB, the first wireless commercial television station in Hong Kong.

• 1969 – Apollo program: Apollo 12 astronauts Pete Conrad and Alan Bean land at Oceanus Procellarum (the "Ocean of Storms") and become the third and fourth humans to walk on the Moon.

• 1969 – Football player Pelé scores his 1,000th goal.

• 1976 – Jaime Ornelas Camacho takes office as the first President of the Regional Government of Madeira, Portugal.

• 1977 – Egyptian President Anwar Sadat becomes the first Arab leader to officially visit Israel, when he meets Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin and speaks before the Knesset in Jerusalem, seeking a permanent peace settlement.

• 1977 – Transportes Aereos Portugueses Boeing 727 crashes in Madeira islands killing 130.

• 1979 – Iran hostage crisis: Iranian leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini orders the release of 13 female and black American hostages being held at the US Embassy in Tehran.

• 1984 – A series of explosions at the PEMEX petroleum storage facility at San Juan Ixhuatepec in Mexico City starts a major fire and kills about 500 people.

• 1985 – Cold War: In Geneva, U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Soviet Union leader Mikhail Gorbachev meet for the first time.

• 1985 – Pennzoil wins a $10.53 billion USD verdict against Texaco, in the largest civil verdict in the history of the United States, stemming from Texaco executing a contract to buy Getty Oil after Pennzoil had entered into an unsigned, yet still binding, buyout contract with Getty.

• 1988 – Serbian communist representative and future Serbian and Yugoslav president Slobodan Milosevic publicly declares that Serbia is under attack from Albanian separatism in Kosovo as well as internal treachery within Yugoslavia and a foreign conspiracy to destroy Serbia and Yugoslavia.

• 1990 – Pop group Milli Vanilli are stripped of their Grammy Award because the duo did not sing at all on the Girl You Know It’s True album. Session musicians had provided all the vocals.

• 1994 – In Great Britain, the first National Lottery draw is held. A £1 ticket gave a one-in-14-million chance of correctly guessing the winning six out of 49 numbers.

• 1996 – Lt. Gen. Maurice Baril of Canada arrives in Africa to lead a multi-national policing force in Zaire.

• 1997 – In Des Moines, Iowa, Bobbi McCaughey gives birth to septuplets in the second known case where all seven babies were born alive. They would go on to become the first set of septuplets to survive infancy, with all seven alive in 2009.

• 1998 – Lewinsky scandal: The United States House of Representatives Judiciary Committee begins impeachment hearings against U.S. President Bill Clinton.

• 1998 – Vincent van Gogh's Portrait of the Artist Without Beard sells at auction for $71.5 million USD.

• 1999 – Shenzhou 1: The People's Republic of China launches its first Shenzhou spacecraft.

• 1999 – In Istanbul, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe ends a two-day summit by calling for a political settlement in Chechnya and adopting a Charter for European Security.

Births

• 1464 – Emperor Go-Kashiwabara of Japan (d. 1526)

• 1563 – Robert Sidney, 1st Earl of Leicester, English statesman (d. 1626)

• 1597 – Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, Electress of Bavaria (d. 1660)

• 1600 – King Charles I of England (d. 1649)

• 1600 – Leo Aitzema, Dutch historian and statesman (d. 1669)

• 1617 – Eustache Le Sueur, French painter (d. 1655)

• 1700 – Jean-Antoine Nollet, French abbot and physicist (d. 1770)

• 1711 – Mikhail Lomonosov, Russian writer and polymath (d. 1765)

• 1722 – Leopold Auenbrugger, Austrian physician (d. 1809)

• 1722 – Benjamin Chew, Chief Justice of colonial Pennsylvania (d. 1810)

• 1752 – George Rogers Clark, American military leader (d. 1818)

• 1802 – Solomon Foot, American politician (d. 1866)

• 1805 – Ferdinand de Lesseps, French diplomat and Suez Canal engineer (d. 1894)

• 1808 – Janez Bleiweis, Slovenian politician (d. 1881)

• 1812 – Karl Schwarz, German theologian (d. 1885)

• 1831 – James A. Garfield, 20th President of the United States (d. 1881)

• 1833 – Wilhelm Dilthey, German philosopher (d. 1911)

• 1834 – Georg Hermann Quincke, German physicist (d. 1924)

• 1835 – Rani Lakshmi Bai, Indian Queen (d. 1858)

• 1843 – Richard Avenarius, German philosopher (d. 1896)

• 1859 – Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov, Russian composer (d. 1935)

• 1862 – Billy Sunday, American evangelist (d. 1935)

• 1875 – Mikhail I. Kalinin, President of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (d. 1946)

• 1876 – Tatyana Alexeyevna Afanasyeva, Russian/Dutch mathematician (d. 1964)

• 1883 – Ned Sparks, Canadian actor (d. 1957)

• 1887 – James B. Sumner, American chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry laureate (d. 1955)

• 1888 – José Raúl Capablanca, Cuban chess player (d. 1942)

• 1889 – Clifton Webb, American actor (d. 1966)

• 1892 – Huw Thomas Edwards, Welsh trade unionist and politician (d. 1970)

• 1893 – René Voisin, French classical trumpet player (d. 1952)

• 1894 – Américo Tomás, Portuguese admiral and politician, 14^th President of Portugal (d. 1987)

• 1895 – Louise Dahl-Wolfe, American photographer (d. 1989)

• 1896 – Georgy Zhukov, Russian general (d. 1974)

• 1897 – Quentin Roosevelt, son of United States President Theodore Roosevelt (d. 1918)

• 1898 – Arthur R. von Hippel, German-born physicist (d. 2003)

• 1898 – Klement Jug, Slovenian philosopher and mountaineer (d. 1924)

• 1899 – Allen Tate, American poet and critic (d. 1979)

• 1899 – Grand Ayatollah Abul-Qassim Khoei, influential Shia Islamic scholar (d. 1992)

• 1900 – Mikhail Lavrentyev, Russian scientist (d. 1980)

• 1900 – Anna Seghers, German writer (d. 1983)

• 1900 – Bunny Ahearne, Irish ice hockey promoter (d. 1985)

• 1904 – Nathan Freudenthal Leopold, Jr., American murderer (d. 1971)

• 1905 – Tommy Dorsey, American bandleader (d. 1956)

• 1907 – Jack Schaefer, American author (d. 1991)

• 1909 – Peter Drucker, American management theorist (d. 2005)

• 1910 – Adrian Conan Doyle, son of Arthur Conan Doyle (d. 1970)

• 1912 – George Emil Palade, Romanian cell biologist, Nobel laureate (d. 2008)

• 1915 – Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr., American physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1974)

• 1917 – Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India (d. 1984)

• 1919 – Alan Young, British-born American actor (Mister Ed)

• 1919 – Gillo Pontecorvo, Italian film director (d. 2006)

• 1920 – Gene Tierney, American actress (d. 1991)

• 1921 – Roy Campanella, American baseball player (d. 1993)

• 1921 – Peter Ruckman, American Baptist minister

• 1922 – Yuri Knorozov, Russian epigrapher (d. 1999)

• 1922 – Salil Chowdhury, Indian music composer, poet, writer, dramatist and filmmaker (d. 1995)

• 1924 – William Russell, British actor

• 1925 – Zygmunt Bauman, Polish Sociologist

• 1926 – Jeane Kirkpatrick, U. S. Ambassador to the United Nations (d. 2006)

• 1929 – Slavko Avsenik, Slovenian musician

• 1929 – Norman Cantor, Canadian medieval scholar (d. 2004)

• 1933 – Larry King, American TV personality

• 1933 – Jerry Sheindlin, American jurist; husband of Judith Sheindlin

• 1935 – Rashad Khalifa, Egyptian imam (d. 1990)

• 1935 – Jack Welch, American businessman

• 1936 – Dick Cavett, American talk show host

• 1936 – Yuan T. Lee, Taiwanese-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate

• 1938 – Ted Turner, American businessman

• 1939 – Tom Harkin, American politician

• 1941 – Dan Haggerty, American actor

• 1941 – Tommy Thompson, former U.S. Governor of Wisconsin

• 1942 – Calvin Klein, American clothing designer

• 1942 – Sharon Olds, American poet

• 1943 – Aurelio Monteagudo, Cuban-born Major League Baseball player (d. 1990)

• 1943 – Fred Lipsius, American musician (Blood, Sweat & Tears)

• 1944 – Agnes Baltsa, Greek mezzo-soprano

• 1944 – Dennis Hull, Canadian ice hockey player

• 1945 – Bobby Tolan, American baseball player

• 1947 – Bob Boone, American baseball player and manager

• 1947 – Lamar S. Smith, American politician

• 1949 – Nigel Bennett, English actor

• 1949 – Ahmad Rashad, American football player and sportscaster

• 1951 – Zeenat Aman, Indian actress

• 1951 – Lord Falconer of Thoroton, British lawyer and politician

• 1952 – Stephen Soldz, American psychoanalyst and anti-war activist

• 1953 – Robert Beltran, American actor

• 1953 – Tom Villard, American actor (d. 1994)

• 1954 – Kathleen Quinlan, American actress

• 1955 – Sam Hamm, American screenwriter

• 1956 – Ann Curry, American journalist

• 1956 – Glynnis O'Connor, American actress

• 1957 – Ofra Haza, Israeli singer (d. 2000)

• 1957 – Tom Virtue, American actor

• 1958 – Michael Wilbon, sports analyst

• 1958 – Terrence "T.C." Carson, American actor

• 1959 – Allison Janney, American actress

• 1960 – Elizabeth Hulette, American professional wrestling manager (d. 2003)

• 1960 – Matt Sorum, American musician (The Cult, Guns 'N Roses, Velvet Revolver)

• 1961 – Meg Ryan, American actress

• 1962 – Jodie Foster, American actress

• 1962 – Dodie Boy Peñalosa, Philippine boxer

• 1962 – Sean Parnell, 12th Governor of Alaska

• 1963 – Terry Farrell, American actress

• 1963 – Jon Potter, British field hockey player

• 1963 – Zsuzsanna Jánosi, Hungarian fencer

• 1965 – Laurent Blanc, French footballer

• 1965 – Sean Hughes, Irish comedian

• 1965 – Douglas Henshall, Scottish actor

• 1966 – Gail Devers, American athlete

• 1966 – Jason Scott Lee, American actor

• 1966 – Rocco DiSpirito, American chef

• 1966 – Shmuley Boteach, American rabbi

• 1969 – Erika Alexander, American actress

• 1969 – Philippe Adams, Belgian racing driver

• 1969 – Richard Virenque, French cyclist

• 1971 – Justin Chancellor, English bassist (Tool)

• 1971 – Alice Peacock, American folk singer

• 1971 – Jeremy McGrath, American motorcycle racer

• 1972 – Sandrine Holt, Canadian actress

• 1973 – Ryukishi07, Japanese mystery writer

• 1973 – Savion Glover, American dancer and choreographer

• 1973 – Billy Currington, American singer and songwriter

• 1975 – Sushmita Sen, Indian beauty queen and actress

• 1976 – Jun Shibata, Japanese singer and songwriter

• 1976 – Petr Sýkora, Czech ice hockey player

• 1976 – Benny Vansteelant, Belgian duathlete (d. 2007)

• 1976 – Stylianos Venetidis, Greek football player

• 1977 – Kerri Strug, American gymnast

• 1978 – Věra Pospíšilová-Cechlová, Czech athlete

• 1978 – Matt Dusk, Canadian jazz musician / vocalist

• 1979 – Ryan Howard, American baseball player

• 1979 – Larry Johnson, American football player

• 1979 – Leam Richardson, English football player

• 1979 – John-Ford Griffin, American baseball player

• 1979 – Keith Buckley – American singer (Every Time I Die)

• 1980 – Courtney Anderson, American football player

• 1980 – Vladimir Radmanovic, Serbian basketball player

• 1980 – Adele Silva, English actress

• 1981 – Marcus Banks, American basketball player

• 1981 – DJ Tukutz, South Korean DJ, Producer, Songwriter(Member of Epik High)

• 1983 – Chandra Crawford, Canadian cross-country skier

• 1983 – Daria Werbowy, Ukrainian-Canadian model

• 1985 – Chris Eagles, English footballer

• 1986 – Veronica Scott, American fashion designer

• 1986 – Milan Smiljanić, Serbian footballer

• 1986 – Jeannie Ortega, American actress, dancer, and songwriter.

• 1988 – Patrick Kane, American ice-hockey player

• 1997 – McCaughey septuplets, world's first surviving set of septuplets

Deaths

• 498 – Pope Anastasius II

• 1478 – Emperor Baeda Maryam of Ethiopia (b. 1448)

• 1492 – Jami, Persian poet (b. 1414)

• 1557 – Bona Sforza, Queen of Sigismund I of Poland (b. 1494)

• 1577 – Matsunaga Hisahide, Japanese warlord (b. 1510)

• 1630 – Johann Schein, German composer (b. 1586)

• 1649 – Caspar Schoppe, German scholar (b. 1576)

• 1665 – Nicolas Poussin, French painter (b. 1594)

• 1672 – John Wilkins, English Bishop of Chester (b. 1614)

• 1682 – Prince Rupert of the Rhine, Royalist commander in the English Civil War (b. 1619)

• 1692 – Thomas Shadwell, English poet and playwright

• 1723 – Antoine Nompar de Caumont, French courtier and soldier (b. 1632)

• 1772 – William Nelson, American colonial governor of Virginia (b. 1711)

• 1773 – James FitzGerald, 1st Duke of Leinster, Irish politician (b. 1722)

• 1785 – Bernard de Bury, French composer (b. 1720)

• 1798 – Wolfe Tone, Irish republican (b. 1763)

• 1804 – Pietro Guglielmi, Italian composer (b. 1728)

• 1810 – Jean-Georges Noverre, French dancer and ballet master (b. 1725)

• 1822 – Johann Georg Tralles, German mathematician and physicist (b. 1763)

• 1823 – Alvin Smith, Brother of Joseph Smith, Jr. (b. 1798)

• 1828 – Franz Schubert, Austrian composer (b. 1797)

• 1850 – Richard Mentor Johnson, American politician (b. 1780)

• 1868 – Ivane Andronikashvili, Georgian general (b. 1798)

• 1883 – William Siemens, German engineer (b. 1823)

• 1887 – Emma Lazarus, American poet (b. 1849)

• 1897 – William Seymour Tyler, American educator and historian (b. 1810).

• 1915 – Joe Hill, American labor activist (executed) (b. 1879)

• 1918 – Joseph F. Smith, president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1838)

• 1924 – Thomas Ince, American film director (b. 1882)

• 1931 – Xu Zhimo, Chinese poet (b. 1897)

• 1938 – Lev Shestov, Russian philosopher (b. 1866)

• 1942 – Bruno Schulz, Polish writer and painter (shot) (b. 1892)

• 1954 – Walter Bartley Wilson, founding member of Cardiff City F.C. (b. 1870)

• 1959 – Joseph Charbonneau, archbishop of Montreal (b. 1892)

• 1960 – Phyllis Haver, American actress (b. 1899)

• 1967 – Charles J. Watters, US Army chaplain, Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1927)

• 1974 – George Brunies, American musician (b. 1902)

• 1975 – Roger D. Branigin, American politician (b. 1902)

• 1976 – Sir Basil Spence, British architect (b. 1907)

• 1983 – Tom Evans, English bass guitarist (Badfinger) (b. 1947)

• 1985 – Stepin Fetchit, American actor and dancer (b. 1907)

• 1988 – Christina Onassis, daughter of billionaire Aristotle Onassis (b. 1950)

• 1990 – Sun Li-jen, Chinese general (b. 1900)

• 1992 – Bobby Russell, American songwriter (b. 1941)

• 1992 – Diane Varsi, American actress (b. 1938)

• 1998 – Ted Fujita, Japanese-born American meteorologist (b. 1920)

• 1998 – Alan J. Pakula, American film director (b. 1928)

• 2001 – Marcelle Ferron, Quebec painter and stained glass artist (b. 1924)

• 2003 – Ian Geoghegan, Australian racing driver (b. 1940)

• 2004 – Piet Esser, Dutch sculptor (b. 1914)

• 2004 – Helmut Griem, German actor (b. 1932)

• 2004 – Terry Melcher, American record producer; son of Doris Day (b. 1942)

• 2004 – John Robert Vane, British pharmacologist, Nobel laureate (b. 1927)

• 2004 – George Canseco, Filipino composer (b. 1934)

• 2005 – Erik Balling, Danish TV and film director (b. 1924)

• 2007 – Kevin DuBrow, American singer (Quiet Riot) (b. 1955)

• 2007 – Mike Gregory, English rugby league footballer (b. 1964)

• 2007 – Dick Wilson, American actor (b. 1916)

Holidays and observances

• International Men's Day in Canada, Australia, India, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom, Singapore, South Africa and Malta

• International Toilet Day (since 2001)

• Brazil – Flag Day

• Mali – Liberation Day

• Norway – The Liberation of the Sami People of the coast

• Puerto Rico – Discovery of Puerto Rico (1493)

• Greek Orthodox Church – Feast of the Prophet Obadiah

• Roman Catholic Church – Raphael Kalinowski and Saints Severinus, Exuperius, and Felician