:
"Nieman" and "Niemen" or Niemenredirects here. For other uses, see Neman and Nieman (disambiguation).:
This article is about the river Memel. For the city of Memel see Klaipėda. or
Niemen or
Nemunas, is a major
Eastern European
river rising in
Belarus and flowing through
Lithuania before draining into the
Curonian Lagoon and then into the
Baltic Sea at
Klaipėda. It is the border between Lithuania and
Russia's
Kaliningrad Oblast in its lower reaches. The 14th largest river in Europe, the largest in Lithuania and the 3rd largest in Belarus, it is navigable for most of its 900-kilometer length.
The Neman River basin was formed during the
Quaternary period, and is located roughly along the edge of the last
glacial sheet, dating from about 25,000-22,000 BP (
Before Present). Its depth varies from 1 meter in its upper courses to 5 meters in the lower basin.
The largest settlements on the river
Grodno,
Kaunas,
Druskininkai,
Alytus,
Neman (town),
Mosty.
Neman by the numbers
thumb|left|Neman near Hrodna ("Melovye Gory")thumb|right|Neman in Belarus- The total length of the Neman is 937 kilometers (582 miles). That makes it the 14th largest river in Europe and the 4th largest in the Baltic Sea basin. Over its entire length, 459 km (285 miles) flows in Belarus and 359 km (223 miles) in Lithuania. A 116-kilometer stretch is the border between Lithuania and Russia's Kaliningrad oblast and Belarus.
- Its greatest depth is 5 meters (16.4 ft), and at its widest it extends about 500 meters (1640 feet).
- The Neman is a slow river; it flows at about 1 to 2 meters/second.
- During floods, water discharge can increase up to 11-fold, to more than 6,800 m³/s. Severe floods occur on the lower reaches of the river about every 12–15 years, which sometimes wash out bridges.
- The Neman is an old river, dating back to the last glacial period. Its valley is now up to 60 meters deep and 5 kilometers broad.
- In the Neman basin there are tributaries extending to the 11th order.
- The Neman basin in Lithuania drains more than 20,000 rivers and rivulets and covers 72% of Lithuania's territory.
- The total area of the Neman basin is 97,863 square kilometers; the Lithuanian portion of this basin is 46,695 square kilometers.
Importance of the river in culture
The river has lent its name to a
Neolithic subculture; originally based on hunting, fishing, and gathering, its inhabitants gradually adopted domesticated plants and animals.
In
German, the river has been called die Memel
at least since about 1250, when Teutonic Knights erected Memelburg
castle and the town of Memel
at the mouth of the Curonian Lagoon, baptizing it after the indigenous name of the river, Memel. The city of Memel, now in Lithuania, is known today as Klaipėda. On German road maps and in German lexika, only the 112 km section within Prussia (starting at Schmalleningken ) was named ; the part outside Germany was labelled .
The border between the Teutonic Order state and Lithuania was fixed in 1422 by the Treaty of Lake Melno and remained stable for centuries. The Treaty of Tilsit between Napoleon and Czar Alexander I was signed on a raft in the river in 1807. In 1919, the Treaty of Versailles made the river the border separating the Memel Territory from German East Prussia as of 1920. At that time, Germany's Weimar Republic adopted the Deutschlandlied as its official national anthem. In the first stanza of the song, written in 1841, the river is mentioned as the eastern border of a (then politically yet-to-be united) Germany:
Lithuanians refer to the Neman as "the father of rivers" (Nemunas
is a masculine noun in Lithuania). Countless companies and organizations in Lithuania have "Nemunas" in their name, including a folklore ensemble, a weekly magazine about art and culture, a sanatorium, and numerous guest houses and hotels. Lithuanian and Polish literature often mention the Nemunas. One of the most famous poems by Maironis starts:
Almost every Lithuanian can recite these words from heart. It is so well known that it is sometimes thought to be an unofficial national anthem.
There are many other smaller rivers and rivulets in Lithuania with names that may have been derived from "Nemunas" - Nemunykštis, Nemuniukas, Nemunynas, Nemunėlis, Nemunaitis. The etymology of the name is disputed: some say that "Nemunas" is an old word meaning "a damp place," while other say that "Nemunas" was a god in Baltic mythology.The Neman Loops
500
litas banknote featuring Nemunas loops
In 1992 Nemunas Loops Regional Park was founded. Its goal is to preserve the spectacular loops (Lithuanian: vingis
) that the Neman makes in the Punia forest. Near Prienai, the Neman makes a 17-km long loop (like a teardrop) coming within 1.2 km of completing the loop. The Neman flows along the double bend between Balbieriškis and Birštonas for 48 kilometers and then moves in a northerly direction for only 4.5 kilometers. The loops are not conventional river meanders; they follow underlying tectonic structures. The faults are the source of the mineral springs in the area. The area is historically and culturally significant. Its castles served as the first line of defense against forays by the Teutonic knights.The Neman Delta
At its delta the Neman splits into a maze of river branches and canals mixing with polders and wetlands and is a very attractive destination for eco-tourism. The four main distributaries are Atmata, Pakalnė, Skirvytė and Gilija. The river plays a crucial part in the ecosystem of the Curonian Lagoon. It provides the main water inflow to the lagoon and keeps the water almost fresh. This allows both fresh water and mixed water animals to survive there. As the Neman's delta expands, the lagoon shrinks. Since the delta is located in Lithuania, it is often referred to as Nemunas Delta''.
Nemunas Delta Regional Park was created in the delta in 1992.
The Neman tributaries
The Neman
tributariesare:
the rivers
Neris (Viliya), the
Shchara, and the
Šešupė,
Svisloch,
Nevėžis River,
Dubysa,
Jūra,
Minija,
Zelvjanka,
Molchad,
Roś,
Servech,
Losha,
Gorodnichanka and others.
Economic significance
Schematic map of Kaunas Reservoir area
The Neman River is used for a variety of purposes such as fishing, hydropower generation, water supply, industry, and agriculture, as well as recreation, tourism, and water transport. There have been proposals to deepen its watercourse below Kaunas to make it more consistently usable.
The largest cities on the Neman are
Hrodna in Belarus,
Alytus and
Kaunas in Lithuania, and
Sovetsk in the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. The river basin has a population of 5.4 million inhabitants. Industrial activities in the
Belarusian section include metal processing, chemical industries, pulp and paper production, and manufacturing of building materials, as well as food-processing plants. In Lithuania the city of Kaunas, with about 400,000 inhabitants, is the country's principal user of the river; the local industries that impact the river are hydropower generation, machinery, chemical, wood processing and paper production, furniture production, textile and food-processing. In Kaliningrad, industrial centres near the river include Sovetsk and Neman, which have large pulp and paper production facilities.
Above
Kaunas a
dam was built in 1959 to serve the
Kaunas Hydroelectric Power Plant. The resulting
Kaunas Reservoir () is the largest such lake in Lithuania. It occupies 63.5 km² (24.5 square miles); its length is 93 km (58 miles); its greatest depth is 22 m (72 feet). The reservoir is a popular destination for Lithuanian
yachting.
The
Augustów Canal, built in the 19th century, connects the Neman to the
Vistula River.
Biological communities
The following fish have been found in the Neman:
perch,
pike,
zander,
roach,
tench,
bream,
rudd,
ruffe, and
bleak. Its tribitaries also contain stone
loach, the three-spined
stickleback,
minnows,
trout,
sculpins,
gudgeon,
dace and
chub.
Atlantic salmon formerly migrated upstream to spawn; the dam constructions on the river, most of which took place during the 20th century, reduced their numbers considerably. The dam at Kaunas does not provide
fish ladders. The spawning season took place in the fall; ethnographic studies of the time report that night fishing, using torches and
harpoons, was a common technique.
Environmental issues
thumb|right|Neman's SunsetA report by the Swedish EPA (Environmental Protection Administration) rates the quality of the Neman in Lithuania as moderately polluted or polluted. High concentrations of organic pollutants,
nitrates and
phosphates occur in different parts of the river. Environmental issues include water quality (
eutrophication and pollutants), changes in the hydrological regime, and flooding control. The environmental problems in each of the countries that make up the basin are slightly different. In Belarus the main problems are oil products as well as nitrogen and
BOD (biological oxygen demand). The environmental issues in the Kaliningrad section include high concentrations of BOD, lignosulphates, and
nitrogen. In Lithuania, the operations of the
Kaunas Hydroelectric Power Plant cause changes of the water level that affect the
riparian ecosystem. Old wastewater treatment facilities along the entire river also contribute to pollution.
The co-operation necessary to ensure the health of the river is complicated by the political divisions in the basin - its territory is shared among Russia, Belarus and the
European Union country of Lithuania. Several co-operation initiatives are underway to address the environmental issues of the river.
See also
