Events

• 305 – Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor.

• 880 – The Nea Ekklesia is inaugurated in Constantinople, setting the model for all later cross-in-square Orthodox churches.

• 1328 – Wars of Scottish Independence end: Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton – the Kingdom of England recognises the Kingdom of Scotland as an independent state.

• 1576 – Stefan Batory, the reigning Prince of Transylvania, marries Anna Jagiellon and they become the co-rulers of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

• 1707 – The Act of Union joins the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain.

• 1751 – The first cricket match is played in America.

• 1753 – Publication of Species Plantarum by Linnaeus, and the formal start date of plant taxonomy adopted by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.

• 1759 – Josiah Wedgwood founds the Wedgwood pottery company in Great Britain.

• 1776 – Establishment of the Illuminati in Ingolstadt (Upper Bavaria), by Jesuit-taught Adam Weishaupt.

• 1778 – American Revolution: The Battle of Crooked Billet begins in Hatboro, Pennsylvania.

• 1785 – Kamehameha, the king of Hawaii defeats Kalanikupule and establishes the Kingdom of Hawaii.

• 1786 – Opening night of the opera The Marriage of Figaro by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in Vienna, Austria.

• 1834 – The British colonies abolish slavery.

• 1840 – The Penny Black, the first official adhesive postage stamp, is issued in the United Kingdom.

• 1846 – The few remaining Mormons left in Nauvoo, Illinois, formally dedicate the Nauvoo Temple.

• 1848 – The Fraternity of Phi Gamma Delta is founded at Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania.

• 1851 – Queen Victoria opens the Great Exhibition in London.

• 1852 – The Philippine peso is introduced into circulation.

• 1863 – American Civil War: The Battle of Chancellorsville begins.

• 1865 – The Empire of Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay sign the Treaty of the Triple Alliance

• 1869 – The Folies Bergère opens in Paris.

• 1875 – Alexandra Palace reopens after the 1873 fire burnt it down.

• 1884 – Proclamation of the demand for eight-hour workday in the United States.

• 1886 – Rallies, that ended in the Haymarket affair, were held throughout the United States demanding the eight-hour work day

• 1893 – The World's Columbian Exposition opens in Chicago.

• 1894 – Coxey's Army, the first significant American protest march, arrives in Washington, D.C.

• 1898 – Spanish-American War: The Battle of Manila Bay – the United States Navy destroys the Spanish Pacific fleet in the first battle of the war.

• 1900 – The Scofield mine disaster kills over 200 men in Scofield, Utah in what is to date the fifth-worst mining accident in United States history.

• 1901 – The Pan-American Exposition opens in Buffalo, New York.

• 1915 – The departs from New York City on her two hundred and second, and final, crossing of the North Atlantic. Six days later, the ship is torpedoed off the coast of Ireland with the loss of 1,198 lives, including 128 Americans, rousing American sentiment against Germany.

• 1925 – The All-China Federation of Trade Unions is officially founded. Today it is the largest trade union in the world, with 134 million members.

• 1927 – The first cooked meals on a scheduled flight are introduced on an Imperial Airways flight from London to Paris.

• 1927 – The Union Labor Life Insurance Company is founded by the American Federation of Labor.

• 1930 – The dwarf planet Pluto is officially named.

• 1931 – The Empire State Building is dedicated in New York City.

• 1940 – The 1940 Summer Olympics are cancelled due to war.

• 1941 – World War II: German forces launch a major attack on Tobruk.

• 1945 – World War II: A German newsreader officially announces that Adolf Hitler has "fallen at his command post in the Reich Chancellery fighting to the last breath against Bolshevism and for Germany".

• 1945 – The Yougoslav partisans free Trieste.

• 1946 – Start of 3 year Pilbara strike of Indigenous Australians.

• 1946 – The Paris Peace Conference concludes that the islands of the Dodecanese should be returned to Greece by Italy.

• 1947 – Portella della Ginestra massacre against May Day celebrations in Sicily by the bandit and separatist leader Salvatore Giuliano; 11 persons were killed and 33 wounded.

• 1948 – The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) is established, with Kim Il-sung as president.

• 1950 – Guam is organized as a United States commonwealth.

• 1956 – The polio vaccine developed by Jonas Salk is made available to the public.

• 1956 – A doctor in Japan reports an "epidemic of an unknown disease of the central nervous system", marking the official discovery of Minamata disease.

• 1960 – Formation of the western Indian states of Gujarat and Maharashtra.

• 1960 – Cold War: U-2 incident – Francis Gary Powers, in a Lockheed U-2 spyplane, is shot down over the Soviet Union, sparking a diplomatic crisis.

• 1961 – The Prime Minister of Cuba, Fidel Castro, proclaims Cuba a socialist nation and abolishes elections.

• 1965 – Battle of Dong-Yin, a naval conflict between ROC and PRC, takes place.

• 1970 – Protests erupt in Seattle, Washington, following the announcement by U.S. President Richard Nixon that U.S. Forces in Vietnam would pursue enemy troops into Cambodia, a neutral country.

• 1971 – Amtrak (the National Railroad Passenger Corporation) is formed to take over U.S. passenger rail service.

• 1977 – 36 people are killed in Taksim Square, Istanbul, during the Labour Day celebrations.

• 1978 – Japan's Naomi Uemura, travelling by dog sled, becomes the first person to reach the North Pole alone.

• 1982 – The 1982 World's Fair opens in Knoxville, Tennessee.

• 1982 – Operation Black Buck: The Royal Air Force attacks the Argentine Air Force during Falklands War.

• 1983 – Greek composer Mikis Theodorakis is awarded the Lenin Peace Prize.

• 1987 – Pope John Paul II beatifies Edith Stein, a Jewish-born Carmelite nun who was gassed in the Nazi concentration camp at Auschwitz.

• 1989 – Disney-MGM Studios opens at Walt Disney World near Orlando, Florida, United States.

• 1990 – The former Philippine Episcopal Church (supervised by the Episcopal Church of the United States of America) was granted full autonomy and raised to the states of an Autocephalous Anglican Province and renamed the Episcopal Church of the Philippines.

• 1991 – Rickey Henderson of the Oakland Athletics steals his 939th base, making him the all-time leader in this category. However, his accomplishment is overshadowed later that evening by Nolan Ryan of the Texas Rangers, when he pitches his seventh career no-hitter, breaking his own record.

• 1992 – On the third day of the 1992 Los Angeles riots, African-American activist, criminal, and victim of police beating Rodney King appears in public before television news cameras to appeal for calm and plead for peace, asking, "People, I just want to say, you know, can we all get along?".

• 1995 – Croatian forces launch Operation Flash during the Croatian War of Independence.

• 1997 – Tasmania becomes the last state in Australia to decriminalize homosexuality.

• 2001 – Philippine President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo declares the existence of "a state of rebellion", hours after thousands of supporters of her arrested predecessor, Joseph Estrada, storm towards the presidential palace at the height of the EDSA III rebellion.

• 2003 – 2003 invasion of Iraq: In what becomes known as the "Mission Accomplished" speech, on board the (off the coast of California), U.S. President George W. Bush declares that "major combat operations in Iraq have ended".

• 2004 – Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia join the European Union, celebrated at the residence of the Irish President in Dublin.

• 2006 – The Puerto Rican government closes the Department of Education and 42 other government agencies due to significant shortages in cash flow.

• 2007 – the Los Angeles May Day mêlée occurs, in which the Los Angeles Police Department's response to a May Day pro-immigration rally become a matter of controversy.

• 2008 – The London Agreement on translation of European patents, concluded in 2000, enters into force in 14 of the 34 Contracting States to the European Patent Convention.

• 2009 – Same-sex marriage is legalized in Sweden.

Births

• 1218 – John I, Count of Hainaut (d. 1257)

• 1218 – Rudolph I of Germany, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (d. 1291)

• 1225 – Jean de Joinville, French writer (d. 1317)

• 1285 – Edmund FitzAlan, 9th Earl of Arundel, English politician (d. 1326)

• 1582 – Marco da Gagliano, Italian composer (d. 1643)

• 1594 – John Haynes, Massachusetts colonial magistrate

• 1672 – Joseph Addison, English politician and writer (d. 1719)

• 1738 – King Kamehameha I, King of Hawaii (d. 1819)

• 1769 – Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, Anglo-Irish statesman (d. 1852)

• 1804 – Aleksey Khomyakov, Russian poet (d. 1860)

• 1829 – José de Alencar, Brazilian novelist (d. 1877)

• 1831 – Emily Stowe, Canadian physician and suffragist (d. 1903)

• 1850 – Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, Governor General of Canada (d. 1942)

• 1851 – Laza Lazarević, Serbian writer and psychiatrist (d. 1891)

• 1852 – Calamity Jane, American Wild West performer (d. 1903)

• 1852 – Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Spanish neuroscientist, Nobel laureate (d. 1934)

• 1857 – Theo Van Gogh, Dutch art dealer (d. 1891)

• 1872 – Sidónio Pais, Portuguese military and politician (d. 1918)

• 1881 – Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, French palaeontologist and philosopher (d. 1955)

• 1884 – Francis Curzon, 5th Earl Howe, British politician, naval officer and racing driver (d. 1964)

• 1885 – Ralph Stackpole, American sculptor, painter (d. 1973)

• 1887 – Alan Gordon Cunningham, British army officer (d. 1983)

• 1896 – Herbert Backe, German Nazi politician (d. 1947)

• 1896 – Mark Wayne Clark, American general (d. 1984)

• 1896 – J. Lawton Collins, American general (d. 1987)

• 1901 – Heinz Eric Roemheld, American film composer (d. 1985)

• 1901 – Antal Szerb, Hungarian author and historian (d. 1945)

• 1905 – Henry Koster, German film director (d. 1988)

• 1905 – Paul Desruisseaux, French Canadian lawyer, businessman and politician (d. 1982)

• 1906 – Horst Schumann, Nazi physician (d. 1983)

• 1907 – Oliver Hill, civil rights attorney (d. 2007)

• 1907 – Kate Smith, American singer (d. 1986)

• 1908 – Giovanni Guareschi, Italian journalist (d. 1968)

• 1909 – Yiannis Ritsos, Greek poet, winner of the Lenin Peace Prize, 9 times candidate for the Nobel Prize (d. 1990)

• 1910 – Dr. J. Allen Hynek, Astronomer/Astro-physicist. Noted UFO investigator (d. 1986)

• 1912 – Otto Kretschmer, German U-Boat commander (d. 1998)

• 1913 – Louis Nye, American comedian and actor (d. 2005)

• 1913 – Walter Susskind, Czech conductor (d. 1980)

• 1915 – Archie Williams, American athlete (d. 1993)

• 1916 – Glenn Ford, Canadian actor (d. 2006)

• 1917 – John Beradino, American actor and baseball player (d. 1996)

• 1917 – Danielle Darrieux, French singer and actress

• 1917 – Ahron Soloveichik, Orthodox Jewish rabbi (d. 2001)

• 1918 – Gersh Budker, Russian physicist (d. 1977)

• 1918 – Jack Paar, American television host (d. 2004)

• 1919 – Lewis Hill, American pacifist and founder of Pacifica Radio (d. 1957)

• 1919 – Manna Dey, Indian singer

• 1919 – Dan O'Herlihy, Irish film actor (d. 2005)

• 1923 – Joseph Heller, American novelist (d. 1999)

• 1924 – Art Fleming, American game show host (d. 1995)

• 1924 – Karel Kachyňa, Czech film director (d. 2004)

• 1924 – Terry Southern, American screenwriter (d. 1995)

• 1925 – Chuck Bednarik, American football player

• 1925 – Scott Carpenter, American astronaut

• 1926 – Peter Lax, Hungarian Mathematician

• 1928 – Desmond Titterington, Northern Irish racer (d. 2002)

• 1929 – Ralf Dahrendorf, German-born sociologist and politician (d. 2009)

• 1929 – Sonny James, American country music singer and songwriter

• 1930 – Richard Riordan, American politician, former mayor of Los Angeles

• 1930 – Little Walter, American blues singer (d. 1995)

• 1934 – Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, Mexican politician

• 1934 – Joan Hackett, American actress (d. 1983)

• 1934 – Shirley Horn, American jazz singer and pianist (d. 2005)

• 1935 – Ann Robinson, American actress

• 1937 – Una Stubbs, English actress

• 1939 – Judy Collins, American folk singer

• 1939 – Max Robinson, American broadcast journalist (d. 1988)

• 1940 – Elsa Peretti, Italian jewelry designer

• 1943 – Vassal Gadoengin, Nauruan politician (d. 2004)

• 1944 – Suresh Kalmadi, Indian politician

• 1945 – Rita Coolidge, American singer

• 1946 – Joanna Lumley, English actress

• 1946 – John Woo, Hong Kong director

• 1947 – Sergio Infante, Chilean poet and writer

• 1949 – Tim Hodgkinson, English composer and musician (Henry Cow)

• 1949 – Paul Teutul, Sr., founder of Orange County Choppers

• 1950 – Dann Florek, American actor

• 1950 – Danny McGrain, Scottish footballer

• 1951 – Antony Worrall Thompson, English celebrity chef

• 1953 – Glen Ballard, American songwriter and record producer

• 1954 – Ray Parker Jr., American singer and songwriter

• 1954 – Joel Rosenberg, science fiction author

• 1955 – Martin O'Donnell, American composer

• 1955 – Nick Feldman, English musician

• 1956 – Catherine Frot, French actress

• 1957 – Kō Ōtani, Japanese composer

• 1959 – Lawrence Seeff, South African cricketer

• 1960 – Steve Cauthen, American jockey

• 1961 – Marilyn Milian, current judge on The People's Court

• 1962 – Maia Morgenstern, Romanian actress

• 1962 – Ted Sundquist, General Manager of the Denver Broncos

• 1964 – Yvonne van Gennip, Dutch speed skater

• 1966 – Olaf Thon, German football player

• 1967 – Tim McGraw, American musician

• 1968 – Oliver Bierhoff, German footballer

• 1968 – Sol Kyung-gu, South Korean actor

• 1968 – Denise Masino, American Female Bodybuilder

• 1968 – D'arcy Wretzky, American musician (The Smashing Pumpkins)

• 1969 – Wes Anderson, American director and writer

• 1969 – Billy Owens, American basketball player

• 1971 – Ajith Kumar, Indian film actor

• 1972 – Julie Benz, American actress

• 1973 – Curtis Martin, American football player

• 1973 – Oliver Neuville, German footballer

• 1975 – Austin Croshere, American basketball player

• 1975 – Marc-Vivien Foé, Cameroonian footballer (d. 2003)

• 1975 – Jodhi May, British actress

• 1975 – Alexei Smertin, Russian footballer

• 1976 – Darius McCrary, American actor

• 1977 – Vera Lischka, Austrian swimmer, politician

• 1978 – Sachie Hara, Japanese actress

• 1978 – Nick Traina, American singer, Link 80 (d. 1997)

• 1979 – Mauro Bergamasco, Italian rugby player

• 1979 – Ben Easter, American actor

• 1979 – MC Harvey (Michael Harvey), British musical artist

• 1980 – Jan Heylen, Belgian racing driver

• 1980 – Jay Reatard, American musician

• 1980 – Ana Claudia Talancón, Mexican actress

• 1981 – Derek Asamoah, Ghanaian Footballer

• 1981 – Aliaksandr Hleb, Belarusian footballer

• 1981 – Wes Welker, American football player

• 1982 – Tommy Robredo, Spanish tennis player

• 1982 – Darijo Srna, Croatian football player

• 1983 – The Human Tornado (Craig Williams), American professional wrestler

• 1984 – David Backes, American ice hockey player

• 1984 – Patrick Eaves, American ice hockey player

• 1984 – Alexander Farnerud, Swedish footballer

• 1984 – Farah Fath, American actress

• 1984 – Keiichiro Koyama, Japanese musician (NEWS)

• 1984 – Mark Seaby, Australian Rules footballer

• 1985 – Drew Sidora, American actress

• 1986 – Adam Casey, Australian footballer

• 1986 – Cristian Benítez, Ecuadorian footballer

• 1987 – Marcus Drum, Australian Rules Football

• 1987 – Matt Di Angelo, English Actor

• 1987 – Shahar Pe'er, Israeli tennis player

• 1987 – Glen Coffee, American football player

• 1988 – Anushka Sharma, Indian Actress and Model

• 1988 – Nicholas Braun, American actor

• 1991 – Creagen Dow, American actor

• 1997 – Ariel Gade, American actress

Deaths

• 408 – Arcadius, Eastern Roman emperor (b. 337/338)

• 1118 – Edith of Scotland, first wife of Henry I of England (b. c.1080)

• 1240 – Jacques de Vitry, Cardinal-Bishop of Frascati and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals

• 1308 – Albert I of Habsburg (murdered) (b. 1255)

• 1539 – Isabella of Portugal, queen of Spain and empress of Germany (b. 1503)

• 1555 – Pope Marcellus II (b. 1501)

• 1572 – Pope Pius V (b. 1504)

• 1731 – Johann Ludwig Bach, German composer (b. 1677)

• 1738 – Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Carlisle, English statesman (b. c.1669)

• 1772 – Gottfried Achenwall, German statistician (b. 1719)

• 1813 – Jean-Baptiste Bessières, French marshal (killed in combat) (b. 1768)

• 1873 – David Livingstone, Scottish missionary (b. 1813)

• 1899 – Ludwig Büchner, German philosopher and physician (b. 1824)

• 1904 – Antonín Dvořák, Czech composer (b. 1841)

• 1913 – John Barclay Armstrong, Texas Ranger and U.S. Marshal (b. 1850)

• 1920 – Princess Margaret of Connaught (b. 1882)

• 1935 – Henri Pélissier, French cyclist (b. 1889)

• 1937 – Snitz Edwards, American actor (b. 1868)

• 1943 – Johan Oscar Smith, Norweigian Christian leader and founder of Brunstad Christian Church (b. 1871)

• 1945 – Joseph Goebbels, Nazi Minister of Propaganda (suicide with his wife Magda Goebbels) (b. 1897)

• 1963 – Lope K. Santos, Filipino writer, Father of the Philippine National Language and Grammar (b. 1879)

• 1965 – Spike Jones, American band leader, musician, and comedian (b. 1911)

• 1968 – Harold Nicolson, British diplomat, author and politician (b. 1886)

• 1968 – Jack Adams, Canadian ice hockey player, coach and general manager (b. 1895)

• 1970 – Crown Prince Euimin, Crown Prince Korea (b. 1897)

• 1976 – Alexandros Panagoulis, Greek poet who fought the military junta in Greece (b. 1939)

• 1976 – T.R.M. Howard, civil rights leader, entrepreneur, surgeon (b. 1908)

• 1978 – Aram Khachaturian, Armenian composer (b. 1903)

• 1982 – William Primrose, Scottish violist (b. 1903)

• 1985 – Denise Robins (aka Francesca Wright, Ashley French, Harriet Gray, Julia Kane) British romance novelist (b. 1897)

• 1986 – Hylda Baker, English comedy actress (b. 1905)

• 1986 – Hugo Peretti, American songwriter and record producer (b. 1916)

• 1989 – Sally Kirkland, fashion editor at LIFE (b. 1912)

• 1989 – Douglass Watson, American actor (b. 1921)

• 1990 – Sergio Franchi, Italian tenor (b. 1926)

• 1992 – Sharon Redd, American house music and urban contemporary singer (b. 1945)

• 1993 – Pierre Bérégovoy, French Prime Minister (b. 1925)

• 1993 – Ranasinghe Premadasa, Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (b. 1924)

• 1994 – Ayrton Senna, Brazilian race car driver and three-time F1 world champion (b. 1960)

• 1996 – Luana Patten, American Actress (b. 1938)

• 1998 – Eldridge Cleaver, American activist (b. 1935)

• 2000 – Steve Reeves, American actor (b. 1926)

• 2003 – Miss Elizabeth, American wrestler (b. 1960)

• 2006 – Big Hawk, American rapper (b. 1969)

• 2006 – Johnny Paris, American saxophonist (Johnny and the Hurricanes) (b. 1940)

• 2006 – Rob Lacey, Christian Author. (b. 1962)

• 2008 – Anthony Mamo, Malta's first President (b. 1909)

• 2008 – Deborah Jeane Palfrey, Washington, D.C. prostitution service owner (b. 1956)

• 2008 – Philipp Freiherr von Boeselager, last surviving member of the July 20 Plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler in 1944 (b. 1917)

• 2009 – Danny Gans, Canadian-born Las Vegas entertainer (b. 1956)

Holidays and observances

• May Day, Labour Day, International Workers' Day, Day of the International Solidarity of Workers.

• Czech Republic – "National Love Day" – couples tend to flock to the memorial of the poet Karel Hynek Mácha in Prague and kiss.

• Lei Day – Hawaiian holiday for the Lei.

• Beltane, Lá Bealtaine, the first day of Summer in modern Ireland is celebrated by the Celts, and is now also celebrated by Neopagans and Wiccans.

• Kazakhstan – Unity Day.

• Maharashtra Day (Maharashtra Divas) – Maharastra, India.

• Marshall Islands – Constitution Day.

• Northern Europe – Walpurgis Night.

• Roman Empire – all-female festival in honour of Bona Dea.

• Roman Empire – fourth and last day of the Floralia in honour of Flora.

• United States – Law Day, U.S.A., Loyalty Day.

• Feast of Saint Joseph the Worker

• Saint James the Less.

• Saint Philip the Apostle.

• Saint Andeol.

• Saint Asaph

• Saint Brieuc.

• Saint Sigismund of Burgundy.

• Saint Theodulf.

• Saint Augustin Schoeffer

• Maharashtra Day and Gujarat Day in the Indian states of Maharashtra and Gujarat respectively to commemorate the formation of the two states.