Events

• 1174 – Jocelin, abbot of Melrose, is elected bishop of Glasgow.

• 1568 – Peace of Longjumeau ends the Second War of Religion in France. Again Catherine de' Medici and Charles IX of France make substantial concessions to the Huguenots.

• 1708 – James Francis Edward Stuart lands at the Firth of Forth.

• 1775 – American Revolutionary War: Patrick Henry delivers his famous speech – "Give me Liberty, or give me Death!" – at St. John's Church in Richmond, Virginia.

• 1801 – Tsar Paul I of Russia is struck with a sword, then strangled, and finally trampled to death in his bedroom at St. Michael's Castle.

• 1806 – After traveling through the Louisiana Purchase and reaching the Pacific Ocean, explorers Lewis and Clark and their "Corps of Discovery" begin their arduous journey home.

• 1821 – Battle and fall of city of Kalamata, Greek War of Independence.

• 1848 – The ship John Wickliffe arrives at Port Chalmers carrying the first Scottish settlers for Dunedin, New Zealand. Otago province is founded.

• 1857 – Elisha Otis's first elevator is installed at 488 Broadway New York City.

• 1862 – The First Battle of Kernstown, Virginia, marks the start of Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign. Though a Confederate defeat, the engagement distracts Federal efforts to capture Richmond.

• 1868 – The University of California is founded in Oakland, California when the Organic Act is signed into law.

• 1879 – War of the Pacific is fought between Chile and the joint forces of Bolivia and Peru. Chile successfully takes over Arica and Tarapacá leaving Bolivia as a landlocked country.

• 1889 – Land Run: President Benjamin Harrison opens Oklahoma to white settlement starting on April 22.

• 1889 – The free Woolwich Ferry officially opens in east London.

• 1889 – The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community is established by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in Qadian India.

• 1896 – The Raines Law is passed by the New York State Legislature, restricting Sunday sale of alcohol to hotels.

• 1903 – The Wright Brothers apply for a patent on their invention of one of the first successful airplanes.

• 1908 – American diplomat Durham Stevens is attacked by Korean assassins Jeon Myeong-un and Jang In-hwan, leading to his death in a hospital two days later.

• 1909 – Theodore Roosevelt leaves New York for a post-presidency safari in Africa. The trip is sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution and National Geographic Society.

• 1919 – In Milan, Italy, Benito Mussolini founds his Fascist political movement.

• 1931 – Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev are hanged during the Indian struggle for independence. Their request to be executed by firing squad is refused.

• 1933 – The Reichstag passes the Enabling act of 1933, making Adolf Hitler dictator of Germany.

• 1935 – Signing of the Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Philippines.

• 1939 – Hungarian air force attacked the headquarters of Slovak air force in the city of Spišská Nová Ves, killed 13 people and began the Slovak–Hungarian War.

• 1940 – The Lahore Resolution (Qarardad-e-Pakistan or the then Qarardad-e-Lahore) is put forward at the Annual General Convention of the All India Muslim League.

• 1942 – World War II: In the Indian Ocean, Japanese forces capture the Andaman Islands.

• 1956 – Pakistan becomes the first Islamic republic in the world. (Republic Day in Pakistan)

• 1962 – , the first nuclear-powered cargo-passenger ship, is launched as a showcase for Dwight D. Eisenhower's Atoms for Peace initiative.

• 1965 – NASA launches Gemini 3, the United States' first two-man space flight (crew: Gus Grissom and John Young).

• 1978 – The first UNIFIL troops arrived in Lebanon for peacekeeping mission along the Blue Line.

• 1980 – Archbishop Óscar Romero of El Salvador gives his famous speech appealing to men of the El Salvadoran armed forces to stop killing the Salvadorans.

• 1982 – Guatemala's government, headed by Fernando Romeo Lucas García is overthrown in a military coup by right-wing General Efraín Ríos Montt.

• 1983 – Strategic Defense Initiative: President Ronald Reagan makes his initial proposal to develop technology to intercept enemy missiles.

• 1989 – Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann announce cold fusion at the University of Utah.

• 1994 – At an election rally in Tijuana, Mexican presidential candidate Luis Donaldo Colosio is assassinated by Mario Aburto Martínez.

• 1994 – Aeroflot Flight 593 crashes in Siberia when the pilot's fifteen-year old son accidentally disengages the autopilot, killing all 75 people on board.

• 1994 – A United States Air Force (USAF) F-16 aircraft collides with a USAF C-130 at Pope Air Force Base and then crashes, killing 24 United States Army soldiers on the ground. This later became known as the Green Ramp disaster.

• 1996 – Taiwan holds its first direct elections and chooses Lee Teng-hui as President.

• 1999 – Gunmen assassinate Paraguay's Vice President Luis María Argaña.

• 2001 – The Russian Mir space station is disposed of, breaking up in the atmosphere before falling into the southern Pacific Ocean near Fiji.

• 2003 – In Nasiriyah, Iraq, 11 soldiers of the 507th Maintenance Company as well as 18 U.S. Marines are killed during the first major conflict of Operation Iraqi Freedom.

• 2004 – Andhra Pradesh Federation of Trade Unions holds its first conference in Hyderabad, India.

• 2005 – The United States 11th Circuit Court of Appeals, in a 2-1 decision, refuses to order the reinsertion of Terri Schiavo's feeding tube.

• 2005 – A major explosion at the Texas City Refinery kills 15 workers.

• 2006 – The Federal Reserve discontinues publishing M3 money supply.

• 2007 – Burnley Tunnel catastrophe occurs in Melbourne, Australia.

• 2007 – The Iranian Navy seizes Royal Navy personnel in the waters between Iran and Iraq.

Births

• 1429 – Margaret of Anjou, wife of Henry VI of England (d. 1482)

• 1638 – Frederik Ruysch, Dutch physician and anatomist (d. 1731)

• 1645 – William Kidd, Scottish sailor (d. 1701)

• 1699 – John Bartram, American botanist (d. 1777)

• 1723 – Agha Mohammad Khan Ghajar, King of Iran (d. 1771)

• 1732 – Marie Adélaïde of France, daughter of Louis XV (d. 1800)

• 1754 – Baron Jurij Vega, Slovenian mathematician, physicist, and artillery officer (d. 1802)

• 1769 – William Smith, English geologist and cartographer (d. 1839)

• 1769 – Augustin Daniel Belliard, French general (d. 1832)

• 1823 – Schuyler Colfax, Vice President of the United States (d. 1885)

• 1826 – Léon Minkus, German/Czech composer and violinist (d. 1917)

• 1831 – Eduard Schlagintweit, German writer (d. 1866)

• 1834 – Julius Reubke, German composer (d. 1858)

• 1858 – Ludwig Quidde, German pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1941)

• 1862 – Nathaniel Reed, American outlaw turned evangelist (d. 1950)

• 1868 – Dietrich Eckart, early supporter of Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party and member of Thule Society (d. 1923)

• 1874 – J. C. Leyendecker, German American Illustrator (d. 1951)

• 1878 – Franz Schreker, Austrian composer (d. 1934)

• 1880 – Heikki Ritavuori, Finnish politician (d. 1922)

• 1881 – Roger Martin du Gard, French writer, Nobel laureate (d. 1958)

• 1881 – Hermann Staudinger, German chemist, Nobel laureate (d. 1965)

• 1882 – Emmy Noether, German mathematician (d. 1935)

• 1887 – Juan Gris, Spanish artist (d. 1927)

• 1887 – Josef Čapek, Czech writer (d. 1945)

• 1887 – Prince Felix Yussupov, Russian assassin of Rasputin (d. 1967)

• 1893 – Cedric Gibbons, American art director (d. 1960)

• 1893 – G. D. Naidu (Gopalaswamy Doraiswamy Naidu), Indian Inventor & Engineer (Edison of India) (d. 1974)

• 1895 – Encarnacion Alzona, Filipino historian (d. 2001)

• 1899 – Dora Gerson, German actress and singer (d. 1943)

• 1900 – Erich Fromm, German-born psychoanalyst (d. 1980)

• 1904 – H. Beam Piper, American science fiction author (d. 1964)

• 1905 – Lale Andersen, German singer and cabaretist (d. 1972)

• 1905 – Joan Crawford, American actress (d. 1977)

• 1907 – Daniel Bovet, Swiss-born scientist, Nobel laureate (d. 1992)

• 1910 – Akira Kurosawa, Japanese film director (d. 1998)

• 1912 – Wernher von Braun, German-born physicist and engineer (d. 1977)

• 1915 – Vasily Zaitsev, Soviet World War II hero (d. 1991)

• 1919 – Carl Graffunder, mid-century modernist architect

• 1920 – Neal Smith, former United States Congressman

• 1920 – Tetsuharu Kawakami, Japanese baseball player and coach

• 1921 – Donald Campbell, British car and motorboat racer (d. 1967)

• 1922 – Marty Allen, American comedian and actor

• 1922 – Ugo Tognazzi, Italian actor, director and screenwriter (d. 1990)

• 1924 – Bette Nesmith Graham, American inventor (d. 1980)

• 1925 – David Watkin, English cinematographer (d. 2008)

• 1929 – Sir Roger Bannister, English runner

• 1931 – Yevgenij Grishin, Russian speed skater (d. 2005)

• 1931 – Viktor Korchnoi, Russian chess player

• 1932 – Don Marshall, Canadian ice hockey player

• 1933 – Philip Zimbardo, American psychologist, known for the Stanford prison experiment

• 1934 – Ludvig Faddeev, Russian mathematician

• 1934 – Fernand Gignac, Canadian singer and actor (d. 2006)

• 1934 – Mark Rydell, American film and television director

• 1937 – Craig Breedlove, American land speed record holder

• 1937 – Robert Gallo, American physician

• 1938 – Maynard Jackson, first black mayor of Atlanta (d. 2003)

• 1938 – Dave Pike, American jazz musician

• 1939 – Pepe Lienhard, Swiss band leader and entertainer

• 1941 – Jim Trelease, American educator and children's literature author

• 1942 – Walter Rodney, Guyanese historian and political figure (d. 1980)

• 1943 – Lee May, former Major League Baseball player

• 1943 – Nils-Aslak Valkeapää, Finnish writer (d. 2001)

• 1944 – Michael Nyman, British minimalist composer

• 1944 – Tony McPhee, English singer and guitarist (The Groundhogs)

• 1945 – Franco Battiato, Italian singer, songwriter and filmmaker

• 1945 – David Grisman, American bluegrass musician

• 1948 – David Olney, American musician

• 1949 – Ric Ocasek, American musician (The Cars)

• 1949 – Roland Lee, American Watercolor Artist

• 1950 – Anthony De Longis, American actor

• 1950 – Corinne Clery, French actress

• 1951 – Ron Jaworski, American football player and analyst

• 1952 – Kim Stanley Robinson, American author

• 1953 – Bo Diaz, Venezuelan baseball player (d. 1990)

• 1953 – Chaka Khan, American singer

• 1953 – Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw, Indian entrepreneur, Chairman of Biocon Ltd

• 1954 – Geno Auriemma, American basketball coach

• 1955 – Moses Malone, American basketball player

• 1955 – Petrea Burchard, American actress

• 1956 – José Manuel Barroso, Portuguese politician, president of the European Commission

• 1957 – Teresa Ganzel, American actor

• 1957 – Amanda Plummer, American actress

• 1957 – Robbie James, Welsh footballer (d. 1998)

• 1957 – Lucio Gutierrez, former President of Ecuador

• 1958 – Etienne De Wilde, Belgian cyclist

• 1958 – El Duce, American singer and drummer (The Mentors) (d. 1997)

• 1959 – Catherine Keener, American actress

• 1959 – Epic Soundtracks, English musician (Swell Maps, Crime and the City Solution, These Immortal Souls) (d. 1997)

• 1959 – Philippe Volter, Belgian actor (d. 2005)

• 1960 – Nicol Stephen, Deputy First Minister of Scotland

• 1961 – Helmi Johannes, Indonesian television newscaster

• 1961 – Steve Holmes, Romanian-German porn actor

• 1962 – Steve Redgrave, British rower, 5 Olympic Gold Medals

• 1963 – Míchel (José Miguel González Martín), Spanish footballer

• 1964 – Hope Davis, American actress

• 1964 – John Pinette, American comedian

• 1965 – Sarah Buxton, American actress

• 1965 – Richard Grieco, American actor and singer

• 1965 – Marti Pellow, Scottish singer

• 1965 – Gary Whitehead, American poet

• 1967 – David Ford, Canadian kayaker

• 1968 – Damon Albarn, English musician (Blur, Gorillaz and The Good, the Bad & the Queen)

• 1968 – Mitch Cullin, American novelist

• 1968 – Fernando Hierro, Spanish footballer

• 1968 – Michael Atherton, English cricketer

• 1971 – Yasmeen Ghauri, Canadian supermodel

• 1971 – Karen McDougal, American model

• 1971 – Gail Porter, British television presenter

• 1971 – Alexander Selivanov, Russian ice hockey player

• 1971 – Hiroyoshi Tenzan, Japanese professional wrestler

• 1972 – Joe Calzaghe, Welsh boxer

• 1972 – Judith Godrèche, French actress and author

• 1973 – Jerzy Dudek, Polish footballer

• 1973 – Wim Eyckmans, Belgian racing driver

• 1973 – Jason Kidd, American basketball player

• 1975 – Alydar, American racehorse (d. 1990)

• 1976 – Michelle Monaghan, American actress

• 1976 – Dougie Lampkin, English motorcycle trials rider

• 1976 – Jeremy Newberry, American football player

• 1976 – Joel Peralta, Dominican baseball player

• 1976 – Keri Russell, American actress

• 1976 – Jayson Blair, American journalist and author

• 1976 – Ricardo Zonta, Brazilian race car driver

• 1977 – Jean Carlos Gamarra, Peruvian taekwondo practitioner

• 1978 – Perez Hilton, American blogger and television persona

• 1978 – Walter Samuel, Argentine footballer

• 1978 – Nicholle Tom, American actress

• 1979 – Natalya Baranovskaya, Belarusian swimmer

• 1979 – Mark Buehrle, American baseball player

• 1979 – Misty Hyman, American swimmer

• 1979 – IshQ Bector, Indian Hiphop artist, singer, & rapper

• 1979 – Donncha O'Callaghan, Irish rugby player

• 1980 – Russell Howard, British comedian

• 1980 – Itay tiran, Israeli actor

• 1981 – Luciana Carro, Canadian actress

• 1981 – Erin Crocker, American race car driver

• 1981 – Tony Peña, Jr., Dominican baseball player

• 1982 – José Raúl Contreras, Chilean footballer

• 1983 – Jerome Thomas, English footballer

• 1985 – Maurice Jones-Drew, American football player

• 1986 – Andrea Dovizioso, Italian motorcycle racer

• 1986 – Steven Strait, American actor

• 1990 – Princess Eugenie of York

• 1990 – Jaime Alguersuari, Spanish racing driver

• 1995 – Jan Lisiecki, Canadian pianist

Deaths

• 1103 – Eudes I, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1058)

• 1361 – Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster (b. c. 1310)

• 1369 – King Pedro of Castile (b. 1334)

• 1548 – Itagaki Nobukata, retainer of Takeda Shingen

• 1555 – Pope Julius III (b. 1487)

• 1559 – Emperor Gelawdewos of Ethiopia (killed in battle)

• 1596 – Henry Unton, English diplomat

• 1606 – Justus Lipsius, Flemish humanist (b. 1547)

• 1618 – James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Abercorn, Scottish politician

• 1653 – Johan van Galen, Dutch naval officer (b. 1604)

• 1675 – Anthoni van Noordt, Dutch composer and organist (b. 1619)

• 1680 – Nicolas Fouquet, French statesman (b. 1615)

• 1742 – Jean-Baptiste Dubos, French writer (b. 1670)

• 1747 – Claude Alexandre de Bonneval, French soldier (b. 1675)

• 1748 – Johann Gottfried Walther, German music theorist, organist, and composer (b. 1684)

• 1754 – Johann Jakob Wettstein, Swiss theologian (b. 1693)

• 1783 – Charles Caroll, American lawyer and delegate to the Continental Congress (b. 1723)

• 1801 – Tsar Paul of Russia (b. 1754)

• 1842 – Stendhal, French writer (b. 1783)

• 1914 – Rafqa Pietra Choboq Ar-Rayès (Saint Rebecca) Lebanese saint (b. 1832)

• 1927 – Paul César Helleu, French artist (b. 1859)

• 1931 – Bhagat Singh (b. 1907), Rajguru (b. 1908), Sukhdev (b. 1907) Indian freedom fighters

• 1935 – Florence Moore, American actress (b. 1886)

• 1947 – Archduchess Luise of Austria, Princess of Tuscany (b. 1870)

• 1955 – Artur da Silva Bernardes, President of Brazil (b. 1875)

• 1960 – Franklin Pierce Adams, American newspaper columnist (b. 1881)

• 1960 – Said Nursî, Islamic thinker from Turkey (b. 1878)

• 1964 – Peter Lorre, Hungarian-born actor (b. 1904)

• 1965 – Mae Murray, American actress (b. 1889)

• 1968 – Edwin O'Connor, American novelist and Pulitzer Prize for Fiction winner (b. 1918)

• 1970 – Del Lord, Canadian director (b. 1894)

• 1972 – Cristóbal Balenciaga, Spanish fashion designer (b. 1895)

• 1979 – Ted Anderson, English footballer (b. 1911)

• 1980 – Arthur Melvin Okun, American economist (b. 1928)

• 1982 – Barney Clark, first artificial heart recipient (b. 1921)

• 1985 – Richard Beeching, chairman of British Railways (b. 1913)

• 1985 – Peter Charanis, Greek-American scholar and professor (b. 1908)

• 1985 – Ben Hardwick, Britain's youngest liver transplant patient (b. 1982)

• 1990 – John Dexter, English stage and film director (b. 1925)

• 1991 – Parkash Singh, Indian soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross (b. 1913)

• 1992 – Friedrich Hayek, Austrian economist, Nobel laureate (b. 1899)

• 1994 – Luis Donaldo Colosio, Mexican politician (b. 1950)

• 1994 – Giulietta Masina, Italian actress (b. 1921)

• 1994 – Donald Swann, British composer, musician and entertainer (b. 1923)

• 1995 – Alan Barton, English musician (Black Lace, Smokie) (b. 1953)

• 1995 – Davie Cooper, Scottish footballer (b. 1956)

• 1998 – Gerald Stano, American serial killer (b. 1951)

• 1999 – Luis María Argaña, Paraguayan politician (b. 1932)

• 2001 – Rowland Evans, American journalist (b. 1921)

• 2002 – Eileen Farrell, American soprano (b. 1920)

• 2002 – Ben Hollioake, English cricketer (b. 1977)

• 2003 – Fritz Spiegl, Austrian-born journalist (b. 1926)

• 2004 – Rupert Hamer, Australian politician (b. 1916)

• 2006 – David B. Bleak, Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1932)

• 2006 – Desmond Doss, American soldier and first conscientious objector Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1919)

• 2006 – Cindy Walker, American singer, songwriter and dancer (b. 1918)

• 2007 – Paul J. Cohen, American mathematician, Fields Medal winner (b. 1934)

• 2007 – Eric Medlen, American NHRA drag racer (b. 1973)

• 2009 – Raúl Macías, Mexican boxer (b. 1934)

Holidays and observances

• Roman Empire – The fifth and final day of Quinquatria, held in honor of Minerva.

• Roman Empire – Tubilustrium was held in honor of Mars.

• Ancient Latvia – Lieldienas held in honor of Mara and other pagan goddesses.

• Pakistan – National Day (Republic Day).

• Hungary, Poland – Day of Hungarian-Polish Friendship.

• Feast day of the following Roman Catholic saints:

• *Rafqa Pietra Choboq Ar-Rayès