Events

• 1387 – Battle of Castagnaro: English condottiero Sir John Hawkwood leads Padova to victory in a factional clash with Verona.

• 1641 – Battle of Mborore, Guaranís from Jesuit Reductions against Bandeirantes, and portuguese explorers after separation of the kingdooms of Spain and Portugal.

• 1649 – The Frondeurs and the French government sign the Peace of Rueil.

• 1702 – The Daily Courant, the UK's first national daily newspaper is published for the first time.

• 1708 – Queen Anne withholds Royal Assent from the Scottish Militia Bill, the last time a British monarch vetoes legislation.

• 1824 – The United States War Department creates the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

• 1845 – The Flagstaff War: Unhappy with translational differences regarding the Treaty of Waitangi, chiefs Hone Heke, Kawiti and Māori tribe members chop down the British flagpole for a fourth time and drive settlers out of Kororareka, New Zealand.

• 1848 – Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine and Robert Baldwin become the first Prime Ministers of the Province of Canada to be democratically elected under a system of responsible government.

• 1851 – The first performance of Rigoletto, written by Verdi.

• 1861 – American Civil War: The Constitution of the Confederate States of America is adopted.

• 1864 – The Great Sheffield Flood: The largest man-made disaster ever to befall England kills over 250 people in Sheffield.

• 1867 – The first performance of Don Carlos written by Verdi.

• 1872 – Construction of the Seven Sisters Colliery, South Wales, begins; located on one of the richest coal sources in Britain.

• 1872 – The Meiji Japanese government officially annexes the Ryukyu Kingdom into what would become the Okinawa prefecture.

• 1888 – The Great Blizzard of 1888 begins along the eastern seaboard of the United States, shutting down commerce and killing more than 400.

• 1917 – World War I: Baghdad falls to the Anglo-Indian forces commanded by General Stanley Maude.

• 1927 – In New York City, Samuel Roxy Rothafel opens the Roxy Theatre.

• 1931 – Ready for Labour and Defence of the USSR, abbreviated as GTO, is introduced in the Soviet Union.

• 1941 – World War II: President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Lend-Lease Act into law, allowing American-built war supplies to be shipped to the Allies on loan.

• 1942 – World War II: General Douglas MacArthur abandons Corregidor.

• 1945 – World War II: The Imperial Japanese Navy attempts a large-scale kamikaze attack on the U.S. Pacific Fleet anchored at Ulithi atoll in Operation Tan No. 2.

• 1977 – The 1977 Hanafi Muslim Siege: more than 130 hostages held in Washington, D.C., by Hanafi Muslims are set free after ambassadors from three Islamic nations join negotiations.

• 1978 – Coastal Road massacre: At least 37 are killed and more than 70 are wounded when Palestinian terrorists hijack an Israeli bus, prompting Israel's Operation Litani.

• 1985 – Mikhail Gorbachev becomes the Soviet Union's leader.

• 1990 – Lithuania declares itself independent from the Soviet Union.

• 1990 – Patricio Aylwin is sworn-in as the first democratically elected Chilean president since 1970.

• 1993 – Janet Reno is confirmed by the United States Senate and sworn-in the next day, becoming the first female Attorney General of the United States.

• 1996 – The EU Database Directive is passed.

• 1999 – Infosys becomes the first Indian company listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange.

• 2004 – Madrid Train Bombings: Simultaneous explosions on rush hour trains in Madrid (Spain) kill 191 people.

• 2005 – Brian Nichols goes on shooting ramapage at Fulton County courthouse in Atlanta, Georgia, killing three. He kills a fourth person before surrendering to the police the next day.

• 2006 – Michelle Bachelet is inaugurated as first female president of Chile.

• 2009 – Winnenden school shooting – 17 people are killed at a school in Germany.

Births

• 1544 – Torquato Tasso, Italian poet (d. 1595)

• 1725 – Henry Benedict Stuart, pretender to the throne of Great Britain (d. 1807)

• 1738 – Benjamin Tupper, Continental Army officer, and pioneer to the Ohio Country (d. 1792)

• 1785 – John McLean, U.S. Supreme Court Justice (d. 1861)

• 1787 – Ivan Nabokov, Russian general (d. 1852)

• 1811 – Urbain Le Verrier, French mathematician (d. 1877)

• 1818 – Marius Petipa, French ballet dancer and choreographer (d. 1910)

• 1822 – Joseph Louis François Bertrand, French mathematician (d. 1900)

• 1863 – Andrew Stoddart, English cricketer (d. 1915)

• 1873 – David Horsley, English-born film executive (d. 1933)

• 1876 – Carl Ruggles, American composer (d. 1971)

• 1870 – Louis Bachelier, French mathematician (d. 1946)

• 1880 – Harry H. Laughlin, American eugenecist (d. 1943)

• 1884 – Lewi Pethrus, Swedish politician (d. 1974)

• 1885 – Malcolm Campbell, English race car driver (d. 1948)

• 1887 – Raoul Walsh, American film director (d. 1980)

• 1890 – Vannevar Bush, American engineer and politician (d. 1974)

• 1897 – Henry Cowell, American composer and impresario (d. 1965)

• 1898 – Dorothy Gish, American actress (d. 1968)

• 1899 – Frederick IX of Denmark, Danish King (d. 1972)

• 1903 – Ronald Syme, New Zealand classicist and historian (d. 1989)

• 1903 – Lawrence Welk, American musician (d. 1992)

• 1907 – Jessie Matthews, English actress (d. 1981)

• 1910 – Robert Havemann, German chemist (d. 1982)

• 1915 – Vijay Hazare, Indian cricketer (d. 2004)

• 1915 – Hans Peter Keller, German writer (d. 1988)

• 1915 – J. C. R. Licklider, American computer scientist and Internet pioneer (d. 1990)

• 1916 – Harold Wilson, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1995)

• 1916 – Ezra Jack Keats, children's literature author (d. 1983)

• 1920 – Nicolaas Bloembergen, Dutch physicist, Nobel laureate

• 1921 – Frank Harary, American mathematician (d. 2005)

• 1921 – Ástor Piazzolla, Argentine composer (d. 1992)

• 1922 – Cornelius Castoriadis, Greek philosopher and economist (d. 1997)

• 1922 – José Luis López Vázquez, Spanish actor

• 1926 – Reverend Ralph Abernathy, American civil rights leader (d. 1990)

• 1926 – İlhan Mimaroğlu, Turkish musician and composer

• 1927 – Robert Mosbacher, 28^th United States Secretary of Commerce

• 1928 – Albert Salmi, American actor (d. 1990)

• 1929 – Timothy Carey, American actor (d. 1994)

• 1930 – Claude Jutra, Quebec film actor and director (d. 1986)

• 1931 – Rupert Murdoch, Australian-born entrepreneur

• 1932 – Leroy Jenkins, American composer and violinist (d. 2007)

• 1934 – Sam Donaldson, American reporter

• 1935 – Sandra Milo, Italian actress

• 1936 – Antonin Scalia, American Supreme Court Justice

• 1937 – Carlos Larrañaga, Spanish actor

• 1939 – Lorraine Hunt, former Lieutenant Governor of Nevada

• 1939 – Flaco Jiménez, American musician

• 1940 – Alberto Cortez, Argentinian singer

• 1942 – Joel Steiger, American Producer / Writer

• 1945 – Dock Ellis, American baseball player (d. 2008)

• 1945 – Harvey Mandel, American musician

• 1946 – Patty Waters, American jazz singer

• 1947 – Tristan Murail, French composer

• 1948 – Roy Barnes, 80^th Governor of Georgia

• 1948 – César Gerónimo, Dominican baseball player

• 1948 – Dominique Sanda, French actress

• 1950 – Bobby McFerrin, American singer

• 1950 – Jerry Zucker, American director

• 1952 – Douglas Adams, English writer (d. 2001)

• 1953 – Bernie LaBarge, Canadian musician

• 1953 – László Bölöni, Romanian football player and manager

• 1954 – Gale Norton, 48^th United States Secretary of the Interior

• 1955 – Nina Hagen, German singer

• 1956 – Curtis Brown, NASA astronaut

• 1956 – Joey Buttafuoco, American statutory rapist

• 1956 – D. J. MacHale, American author and television writer

• 1956 – Rob Paulsen, American voice actor

• 1956 – Helen Rollason, British sports journalist and television presenter (d. 1999)

• 1957 – Lady Chablis, American entertainer

• 1957 – Cheryl Lynn, American singer

• 1958 – Anissa Jones, American actress (d. 1976)

• 1958 – Jim Pinkerton, American pundit

• 1958 – Flemming Rose, Danish journalist

• 1958 – Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer, interim President of Iraq

• 1959 – Nina Hartley, American porn star

• 1960 – Christophe Gans, French film director

• 1961 – Elias Koteas, Canadian actor

• 1962 – Jeffrey Nordling, American actor

• 1963 – Alex Kingston, English actress

• 1963 – Davis Guggenheim, American director and producer

• 1964 – Peter Berg, American film actor, director and producer

• 1964 – Vinnie Paul, American drummer (Pantera)

• 1964 – Shane Richie, British actor

• 1965 – Nigel Adkins, English football manager

• 1965 – Jesse Jackson, Jr., American politician

• 1965 – Wallace Langham, American actor

• 1965 – Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen, British television presenter

• 1966 – Joe Hachem, Lebanese-born Australian poker player

• 1967 – John Barrowman, Scottish-American actor

• 1967 – Brad Carson, American politician

• 1968 – Lisa Loeb, American singer-songwriter

• 1968 – Jerod Shelby, founder of Shelby SuperCars and creater of the SSC Ultimate Aero

• 1969 – Terrence Howard, American actor

• 1969 – Soraya, Colombian-American singer (d. 2006)

• 1970 – Delia Gallagher, American journalist

• 1971 – Johnny Knoxville, American television personality

• 1971 – Martin Ručinský, Czech ice hockey player

• 1973 – Martin Hiden, Austrian footballer

• 1974 – Bobby Abreu, Venezuelan baseball player

• 1974 – Jon Dalton, American Survivor castmember

• 1975 – Eric the Midget, American radio personality

• 1975 – Shawn Springs, American football player

• 1976 – Thomas Gravesen, Danish footballer

• 1977 – Andre Nickatina, American rapper

• 1977 – Becky Hammon, American basketball player

• 1978 – Didier Drogba, Ivorian footballer

• 1978 – Albert Luque, Spanish footballer

• 1978 – Christopher Rice, American author

• 1979 – Elton Brand, American basketball player

• 1979 – Fred Jones, American basketball player

• 1979 – Benji Madden, American guitarist (Good Charlotte)

• 1979 – Joel Madden, American singer (Good Charlotte)

• 1980 – Paul Scharner, Austrian footballer

• 1980 – Dan Uggla, American baseball player

• 1981 – David Anders, American actor

• 1981 – Heidi Cortez, American erotic broadcaster

• 1981 – Lee Evans, American football player

• 1981 – Russell Lissack, English musician (Bloc Party)

• 1981 – LeToya Luckett, American singer (ex-Destiny's Child)

• 1981 – Paul Wall, American rapper

• 1982 – Brian Anderson, Major League Baseball player

• 1982 – Thora Birch, American actress

• 1982 – Lindsey McKeon, American actress

• 1983 – Marietta Chrousala, Greek fashion model

• 1984 – Marc-André Grondin, Canadian actor

• 1984 – Anna Tsuchiya, Japanese model, actress and singer

• 1984 – Tom James, British rower

• 1985 – Paul Bissonnette, Canadian ice hockey player

• 1985 – Derek Schouman, American football player

• 1985 – Nikolai Topor-Stanley, Australian soccer player

• 1985 – Ajantha Mendis, Sri Lankan Cricketer

• 1986 – Mariko Shinoda, Japanese actress and member of AKB48

• 1987 – Marc-André Gragnani, Canadian ice hockey player

• 1987 – Jonathan Stewart, American football player

• 1989 – Anton Yelchin, Russian/American actor

• 1990 – Janna Dominguez, Filipina actress

• 1990 – Reiley McClendon, American Actor

• 1991 – Jack Rodwell, British football player

Deaths

• 1425 BC – Thutmose III, Egyptian pharaoh

• 222 – Elagabalus, Roman Emperor

• 222 – Julia Soaemias, mother of Elagabalus (b. 180)

• 859 – Eulogius of Cordoba, Spanish Bishop and Christian Martyr

• 1198 – Marie de Champagne, daughter of Louis VII of France (b. 1145)

• 1486 – Albert III, Margrave of Brandenburg (b. 1414)

• 1514 – Donato Bramante, Italian architect (b. 1444)

• 1575 – Matthias Flacius, Croatian Protestant reformer (b. 1520)

• 1602 – Emilio de' Cavalieri, Italian composer

• 1607 – Giovanni Maria Nanino, Italian composer

• 1722 – John Toland, Irish philosopher (b. 1670)

• 1759 – John Forbes, British general (b. 1710)

• 1786 – Charles Humphreys, American delegate to the Continental Congress (b. 1714)

• 1801 – Paul I of Russia, Russian tsar (b. 1754)

• 1820 – Benjamin West, English-American painter (b. 1738)

• 1847 – Johnny Appleseed, American pioneer agronomist (b. 1774)

• 1851 – George McDuffie, Governor of South Carolina (b. 1790)

• 1854 – Willard Richards, American religious leader (b. 1804)

• 1856 – James Beatty, Irish railway engineer (b. 1820)

• 1863 – Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet, English general (b. 1803)

• 1866 – Ulysses F. Doubleday, American congressman (b. 1792)

• 1869 – Vladimir Odoevsky, Russian philosopher (b. 1803)

• 1870 – King Moshoeshoe I of Lesotho

• 1874 – Charles Sumner, American politician (b. 1811)

• 1898 – William Rosecrans, American Civil War Union general (b. 1819)

• 1907 – Jean Casimir-Perier, French politician (b. 1847)

• 1908 – Revd Benjamin Waugh, American activist (b. 1839)

• 1915 – Thomas Alexander Browne, Australian writer (b. 1826)

• 1920 – Julio Garavito Armero, Colombian astronomer (b. 1865)

• 1931 – F.W. Murnau, German film director (b. 1888)

• 1937 – Joseph S. Cullinan, American oil industrialist (b. 1860)

• 1944 – Hendrik Willem van Loon, Dutch-born American historian (b. 1882)

• 1949 – Anastasios Charalambis, Greek general and interim Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1862)

• 1952 – Pierre Renoir, French stage and film actor and director (b. 1885)

• 1955 – Sir Alexander Fleming, Scottish scientist, Nobel laureate (b. 1881)

• 1955 – Oscar Mayer, Bavarian-born American meat packer (b. 1859)

• 1957 – Admiral Richard E. Byrd, American explorer (b. 1888)

• 1958 – Ole Kirk Christiansen, Danish inventor of Legos (b. 1891)

• 1960 – Roy Chapman Andrews, American explorer and adventurer (b. 1884)

• 1967 – Geraldine Farrar, American soprano (b. 1882)

• 1969 – John Wyndham, English author (b. 1903)

• 1970 – Erle Stanley Gardner, American novelist (b. 1889)

• 1971 – Philo T. Farnsworth, American television pioneer (b. 1906)

• 1971 – Whitney Young, American civil rights leader (b. 1921)

• 1977 – Ulysses S. Grant IV, American geologist (b. 1893)

• 1977 – Alberto Rodriguez Larreta, Argentine racing driver (b. 1934)

• 1978 – Claude François, French singer (b. 1939)

• 1982 – Edmund Cooper, English author (b. 1926)

• 1982 – Horace Gregory, American poet (b. 1898)

• 1984 – Kostas Roukounas, Greek rembetiko singer and song writer (b. 1903)

• 1986 – Sonny Terry, American blues musician (b. 1911)

• 1987 – Joe Gladwin, English actor (b. 1906)

• 1989 – James Kee, American politician (b. 1917)

• 1989 – John J. McCloy, United States Secretary of War (b. 1895)

• 1990 – Dean Horrix, English footballer (b. 1961)

• 1992 – Richard Brooks, American film director (b. 1912)

• 1993 – Dino Bravo, Italian-born professional wrestler (b. 1949),

• 1995 – Myfanwy Talog, Welsh actress (b. 1945)

• 1996 – Vince Edwards, American film actor and director (b. 1928)

• 1999 – Camille Laurin, Quebec psychiatrist and politician (b. 1922)

• 2002 – James Tobin, American economist, Nobel laureate (b. 1918)

• 2003 – Brian Cleeve, Irish author (b. 1921)

• 2003 – Ivar Hansen, speaker of the Danish Folketing (b. 1938)

• 2006 – Bernie "Boom Boom" Geoffrion, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1931)

• 2006 – Slobodan Milošević, President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia (b. 1941)

• 2007 – Betty Hutton, American actress and singer (b. 1921)

• 2009 – Charles Lewis, Jr., American businessman, promoter and entertainer

Holidays and observances

• United States – Johnny Appleseed Day.

• Lithuania – Reestablishment of Lithuania's Independence.

• Zambia – Youth Day.

• Saint Vindician

• Blessed John Righi

• Saint Alberta

• Saint Aurea

• Saint Angus