There were several sieges of Constantinople during the history of the Byzantine Empire. Two of them resulted in the capture of Constantinople from Byzantine rule: in 1204 by Crusaders, and in 1453 by the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II.

Persian and Arab Sieges of Constantinople

• The First Siege of Constantinople by Avars, Slavs and Sassanid Persians in 626.

• The First Arab Siege in 674-678

• The Second Arab Siege in 717-718

Sieges by Bulgaria and Rus'

• The Bulgarian siege by Krum in 813

• The siege by Thomas the Slav

• The siege by the Rus' in 860

• The siege by the Rus' in 941

Crusades

• The first siege by the Fourth Crusade in 1203, in which Alexius IV was able to usurp the throne after Alexius III fled to Thrace.

• The successful second siege by the Fourth Crusade in 1204, in which the Byzantines were overwhelmed and the Capital thoroughly sacked.

• An unsuccessful attempt in 1235, by Bulgarian and Nicaean forces, to retake the city.

Nicaean recapture

In 1261, a small force of Nicaean troops under Alexios Strategopoulos gained entry into the poorly defended Latin capital, ending the Latin Empire and restoring Byzantine rule to the City. Most Latin troops defending the city were absent on campaign, and the Emperor fled without putting any resistance; there was no siege.

Ottoman Sieges

• An Ottoman blockade between 1390 - 1402, interrupted first by the Crusade of Nicopolis then successfully lifted by the Battle of Ankara.

• The First Ottoman Siege of Constantinople (1422), which ended in a Byzantine victory.

• The Second Ottoman Siege and Fall of Constantinople in 1453

See also

• Occupation of Constantinople

• Walls of Constantinople

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