The
Duchy of Parma was a small
Italian state between 1545 and 1802, and again from 1814 to 1860.
The Duke of
Parma was also Duke of
Piacenza, except for the first years of the rule of
Ottavio Farnese (1549–1556), and the time of the
Napoleonic wars, when the two were established as separate positions held by two individuals. The
Duke of Parma also usually held the title of Duke of
Guastalla from 1735 (when Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor took it from Mantua) to 1847 (when the territory was ceded to
Modena), again, except for the Napoleonic dukes, when
Napoleon's sister
Pauline was Duchess of Guastalla and of Varella.
The position is currently claimed by a member of the
Bourbon family, which also holds the
Spanish throne. Therefore, the current claimant to the Duchy of Parma is a legitimate (though not prime) claimant to the Kingdom of
Spain; indeed, the current Duke of Parma, Carlos-Hugo, was a
pretender to the Spanish throne in the 1970s (see
Carlism).
Reigning Dukes of Parma (1545-1802)
House of Farnese 1545–1731
House of Bourbon 1731–1735
House of Habsburg 1735–1748
House of Bourbon 1748–1803
Honorary Dukes of Parma (1808-1814)
These did not actually rule over any territory of
Parma and
Piacenza, but were of the honorary, hereditary type
duché grand-fief, granted by
Napoleon in 1808.
Reigning Dukes of Parma (1814-1860)
House of Habsburg 1814–1847
House of Bourbon-Parma, 1847–1860
Nominal Dukes of Parma (since 1860)
House of Bourbon-Parma, since 1860
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