The
Hospitallers of St Thomas of Canterbury at Acre, usually called the
Knights of St Thomas was a
Christian Military order. Membership was restricted to Englishmen.
The emblem of the order was a red cross with a white
scallop in the centre and the Knights wore a white
habit.
History
Foundation
It was established in 1191, at
Acre, after the capture of that city by
Richard I of England and
Philip II of France. After the
capture of the city, William, Chaplain to the Dean of
St. Pauls Cathedral at
London, formed a small
religious order, its members taking vows of poverty, chastity and obedience. The purpose of the Order was tending to the sick and wounded, and burying the
Christian knights who fell in battle in the
Holy Land. To that, William, as
Prior of the Order, added the purpose of raising funds to ransom captives from the
Muslim armies of
Saladin. The success of the Order enabled it to establish a church and hospital which was dedicated to
St Thomas Becket,
Archbishop of Canterbury. Becket was martyred in 1170 and canonized in 1173.
Militarization
It was militarized by
Peter of Roche, the
Bishop of Winchester, during the
Fifth Crusade 1217-1221. According to
Pope Gregory IX this was done thanks to the indulgence of the existing canons of the Hospital of
St Thomas in
Acre. Peter of Roche was the crusader Bishop of Winchester who contributed to the defences of
Jaffa and
Sidon. In 1236,
Pope Gregory IX accorded Papal confirmation to the Order, and the Order became known as the Knights of St Thomas Acon (Acre being anglicised to Acon). The Order adopted the rule of the
Teutonic Knights.
For the next 100 years, the crusaders held and defended the city of Acre. During this period, about the year 1279, as the purposes of the Order shifted from that of religious hospitallers to a more military role, the position of
Prior, the Order's religious head, lost its pre-eminent position. After that, the pre-eminent position was accorded to the Master of the Order. They acquired property and privileges, and created a provincial organization in the British Isles, with its headquarters in
Cheapside London and a subordinate preceptors in
Kilkenny. In 1257 Alexander IV noted that the foundation did not have adequate resources. By 1279 it appealed to
Edward I for funds, and the proposal to merge them with the
Knights Templar seems to have arisen from their financial problems. However, there was opposition from the knights to this both in the
Levant and
England. In 1316 members successfully appealed to Edward I against a Templar takeover and also opposed an attempt takeover by the convent of
Bonhommes at
AshridgeAt the
fall of Acre,
12 May 1291, the Master and nine knights of the Order were killed. Following the battle, the
Holy Land was lost to the
Saracens, the Order of St Thomas, along with the Order of
Knights Templar, moved their
Priory to the island of
Cyprus where they erected the beautiful St. Nicholas Church at
Nicosia. (The ruins of the Church are still standing and have been recently restored.) However divisions arose between the master in Cyprus and the master of the London. by 1320, with a deteriorating situation in the Levant, Henry of Bedford, the master in Cyprus, came to London and ousted the incumbent master there. When he then appointed a deputy to handle the situation in Cyprus, the brothers there resisted this move. Although this resistance was overcome, within a few years control of the organization had once more reverted to Nicosia. However the financial situation continued to deteriorate with reports of the London premises being reported as being in ruins by 1330 and the order ceased to be a viable military organization with nothing more being heard of the master in Nicosia after 1360.
The End and Dissolution
Having abandoned a military role, they also abandoned the rule of the Teutonic Knights, adopting that of the
Augustinians and carrying out charitable work and running a grammar school. Links developed with the
Mercers livery company at this time - Becket's father, Gilbert had been a mercer. The latter became their patrons, holding meetings there and using the chapel for prayers. The Order was
dissolved in 1538, along with other
monastic orders in England, by
Henry VIII.
The Worshipful Mercers' Company of London
After the dissolution of the Order, the King offered the hospital and chapel for sale. It was purchased by the Mercers But the buildings were destroyed in the
Great Fire of London in 1666. The Mercers Company is the premier
livery company of
London, ranking first in the
order of precedence of the "Great Twelve City Livery Companies".
The second hall, opened in 1676, was destroyed in 1941 during
the Blitz. The present-day Mercer's Hall and Chapel, opened in 1958, are built on the site. It incorporates some of the fixtures, 17th-century woodwork and Victorian
stained glass from the second hall. All that remains of the original Chapel is the recumbent statue of Christ which lies at the entrance to the Mercer's Chapel. The Worshipful Company of Mercers is the only London livery company to have its own private chapel.
See also
