Events

• 1190 – Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the river Saleph while leading an army to Jerusalem.

• 1539 – Council of Trent: Paul III sends out letters to his bishops, delaying the Council due to war and the difficulty bishops had traveling to Venice.

• 1619 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Záblatí, a turning point in the Bohemian Revolt.

• 1692 – Salem witch trials: Bridget Bishop is hanged at Gallows Hill near Salem, Massachusetts, for "certaine Detestable Arts called Witchcraft & Sorceries".

• 1719 – Jacobite Rising: Battle of Glen Shiel.

• 1770 – Captain James Cook runs aground on the Great Barrier Reef.

• 1786 – A landslide dam on the Dadu River created by an earthquake ten days earlier collapses, killing 100,000 in the Sichuan province of China.

• 1793 – The Jardin des Plantes museum opens in Paris. A year later, it becomes the first public zoo.

• 1793 – French Revolution: Following the arrests of Girondin leaders the Jacobins gain control of the Committee of Public Safety installing the revolutionary dictatorship.

• 1805 – First Barbary War: Yussif Karamanli signs a treaty ending hostilities with the United States.

• 1829 – The first Boat Race between the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge takes place.

• 1838 – Myall Creek Massacre in Australia: 28 Aboriginal Australians are murdered.

• 1854 – The first class of the United States Naval Academy students graduate.

• 1864 – American Civil War: Battle of Brice's Crossroads – Confederate troops under Nathan Bedford Forrest defeat a much larger Union force led by General Samuel D. Sturgis in Mississippi.

• 1871 – Sinmiyangyo: Captain McLane Tilton leads 109 Marines in a naval attack on Han River forts on Kanghwa Island, Korea.

• 1886 – Mount Tarawera in New Zealand erupts, killing 153 people and destroying the famous Pink and White Terraces.

• 1898 – Spanish-American War: U.S. Marines land on the island of Cuba.

• 1918 – The Austro-Hungarian battleship sinks after being torpedoed by an Italian MAS motorboat.

• 1924 – Fascists kidnap and kill Italian socialist leader Giacomo Matteotti in Rome.

• 1925 – Inaugural service for the United Church of Canada, a union of Presbyterian, Methodist, and Congregationalist churches, held in Toronto Arena.

• 1935 – Dr. Robert Smith takes his last drink, and Alcoholics Anonymous is founded in Akron, Ohio, United States, by him and Bill Wilson.

• 1940 – World War II: Italy declares war on France and the United Kingdom.

• 1940 – World War II: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt denounces Italy's actions with his "Stab in the Back" speech at the graduation ceremonies of the University of Virginia.

• 1940 – World War II: German forces, under General Erwin Rommel, reach the English Channel.

• 1940 – World War II: Canada declares war on Italy.

• 1940 – World War II: Norway surrenders to German forces.

• 1942 – World War II: Nazis burn the Czech village of Lidice in reprisal for the killing of Reinhard Heydrich.

• 1944 – World War II: 642 men, women and children are killed in the Oradour-sur-Glane Massacre in France.

• 1944 – World War II: In Distomo, Boeotia Prefecture, Greece 218 men, women and children are massacred by German troops.

• 1944 – In baseball, 15-year old Joe Nuxhall of the Cincinnati Reds becomes the youngest player ever in a major-league game.

• 1945 – Australian Imperial Forces land in Brunei Bay to liberate Brunei.

• 1947 – Saab produces its first automobile.

• 1965 – Vietnam War: The Battle of Dong Xoai begins.

• 1967 – Six-Day War ends: Israel and Syria agree to a cease-fire.

• 1967 – Argentina becomes a member of the Berne Convention copyright treaty.

• 1973 – John Paul Getty III, grandson of billionaire J. Paul Getty, is kidnapped in Rome, Italy.

• 1977 – James Earl Ray escapes from Brushy Mountain State Prison in Petros, Tennessee, but is recaptured on June 13.

• 1977 – Apple ships its first Apple II personal computer.

• 1978 – Costa Rica becomes a member of the Berne Convention.

• 1980 – The African National Congress in South Africa publishes a call to fight from their imprisoned leader Nelson Mandela.

• 1996 – Peace talks begin in Northern Ireland without the participation of Sinn Féin.

• 1997 – Before fleeing his northern stronghold Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot orders the killing of his defense chief Son Sen and 11 of Sen's family members.

• 1999 – Kosovo War: NATO suspends its air strikes after Slobodan Milošević agrees to withdraw Serbian forces from Kosovo.

• 2001 – Pope John Paul II canonizes Lebanon's first female saint Saint Rafqa

• 2002 – The first direct electronic communication experiment between the nervous systems of two humans is carried out by Kevin Warwick in the United Kingdom.

• 2003 – The Spirit Rover is launched, beginning NASA's Mars Exploration Rover mission.

Births

• 1213 – Fakhruddin 'Iraqi, Persian philosopher (d. 1289)

• 1632 – Esprit Fléchier, French writer and bishop (d. 1710)

• 1637 – Jacques Marquette, French Jesuit missionary and explorer (d. 1675)

• 1657 – James Cragg the Elder, British politician (d. 1721)

• 1688 – James Francis Edward Stuart (d. 1766)

• 1706 – John Dollond, English optician (d. 1761)

• 1710 – James Short, Scottish mathematician (d. 1768)

• 1753 – William Eustis, 12th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1825)

• 1803 – Henry Darcy, French scientist (d. 1858)

• 1804 – Hermann Schlegel, German ornithologist (d. 1884)

• 1825 – Sondre Norheim, Norwegian skier (d. 1897)

• 1819 – Gustave Courbet, French painter (d. 1877)

• 1825 – Princess Hildegard of Bavaria d. 1864

• 1835 – Rebecca Latimer Felton, U.S. Senator (d. 1930)

• 1839 – Ludvig Holstein-Ledreborg, Council President of Denmark (d. 1912)

• 1840 – Theodor Philipsen, Danish painter (d. 1920)

• 1843 – Heinrich von Herzogenberg, Austrian composer and conductor (d. 1900)

• 1861 – Pierre Duhem, French physicist (d. 1916)

• 1862 – Mrs. Leslie Carter, American actress (d. 1937)

• 1863 – Louis Couperus, Dutch novelist (d. 1923)

• 1880 – André Derain, French painter (d. 1954)

• 1889 – Sessue Hayakawa, Japanese actor (d. 1973)

• 1891 – Al Dubin, American lyricist (d. 1945)

• 1895 – Hattie McDaniel, American actress (d. 1952)

• 1901 – Frederick Loewe, Austrian-born composer (d. 1988)

• 1907 – Fairfield Porter, American painter (d. 1975)

• 1908 – Robert Cummings, American actor (d. 1990)

• 1910 – Howlin' Wolf, American musician (d. 1976)

• 1910 – Frank Demaree, American baseball player (d. 1958)

• 1910 – Robert Still, English composer (d. 1971)

• 1911 – Ralph Kirkpatrick, American musician and musicologist (d. 1984)

• 1911 – Terence Rattigan, British playwright (d. 1977)

• 1912 – Jean Lesage, Premier of Quebec (d. 1980)

• 1913 – Tikhon Khrennikov, Russian composer (d. 2007)

• 1915 – Saul Bellow, Nobel laureate (d. 2005)

• 1918 – Barry Morse, British-born Canadian actor (d. 2008)

• 1919 – Kevin O'Flanagan, Irish athlete and physician (d. 2006)

• 1919 – Haidar Abdel-Shafi, Palestinian Negotiator and community leader (d. 2007)

• 1921 – Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

• 1921 – Jean Robic, French cyclist (d. 1980)

• 1922 – Judy Garland, American musical actress (d. 1969)

• 1923 – Robert Maxwell, Slovakian-born newspaperman (d. 1991)

• 1925 – Nat Hentoff, American historian, novelist, jazz critic, and columnist

• 1926 – Lionel Jeffries, British actor

• 1927 – Lin Yang-kang, Chinese politician

• 1927 – Ladislao Kubala, Hungarian-born footballer (d. 2002)

• 1928 – Maurice Sendak, American writer

• 1929 – Harald Juhnke, German actor and comedian (d. 2005)

• 1929 – Ian McCahon Sinclair, Australian politician

• 1929 – E. O. Wilson, American biologist

• 1929 – James McDivitt, American astronaut

• 1931 – João Gilberto, Brazilian singer and guitarist

• 1932 – Branko Lustig, film producer

• 1933 – Georgi Atanasov, Bulgarian Prime Minister

• 1933 – F. Lee Bailey, American attorney

• 1935 – Vic Elford, British racing driver

• 1940 – Augie Auer, Meteorologist and television presenter (d. 2007)

• 1940 – John Stevens, British drummer (d. 1994)

• 1941 – Jürgen Prochnow, German actor

• 1941 – Mickey Jones, American musician and actor

• 1941 – Shirley Owens, American singer (Shirelles)

• 1941 – David Walker, Australian racing driver

• 1942 – Preston Manning, Canadian politician

• 1946 – Fernando Balzaretti, Mexican actor (d. 1998)

• 1947 – Ken Singleton, American baseball player

• 1949 – John Sentamu, Archbishop of York

• 1950 – Elias Sosa, Major League Baseball pitcher

• 1951 – Dan Fouts, American football player

• 1952 – Jack Frost (preacher), American pastor and sea captain

• 1953 – John Edwards, American politician and lawyer

• 1956 – Georg Borwin, Duke of Mecklenburg, head of the House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

• 1957 – Lindsay Hoyle, British politician

• 1957 – Hidetsugu Aneha, Japanese architect

• 1959 – Eliot Spitzer, American politician

• 1959 – Carlo Ancelotti, Italian footballer and manager

• 1960 – Balakrishna Nandamuri, Indian actor

• 1960 – Maxi Priest, English musician

• 1961 – Kim Deal, American musician (Pixies), (The Breeders)

• 1961 – Kelley Deal, American musician (The Breeders)

• 1962 – Gina Gershon, American actress

• 1962 – Koma Wong Ka-Kui, Hong Kong musician (Beyond) (d. 1993)

• 1962 – Vincent Perez, Swiss actor

• 1962 – Akie Abe, former First Lady of Japan

• 1962 – Brent Sutter, Canadian ice hockey player

• 1962 – Anderson Bigode Herzer, Brazilian writer and poet (d. 1982)

• 1963 – Brad Henry, American politician

• 1963 – Jeanne Tripplehorn, American actress

• 1964 – Jimmy Chamberlin, American musician (The Smashing Pumpkins)

• 1964 – Ben Daniels, British actor

• 1964 – Kate Flannery, American actress

• 1964 – Tony Martin, Australian comedian

• 1965 – Elizabeth Hurley, English model and actress

• 1965 – Joey Santiago, American Musician (Pixies)

• 1966 – David Platt, English footballer

• 1967 – John Yoo, American attorney

• 1967 – Emma Anderson, British guitarist and songwriter (Lush, Sing-Sing)

• 1968 – Bill Burr, American comedian

• 1968 – Jimmy Shea, American skeleton racer

• 1968 – The D.O.C., American rapper

• 1969 – Ronny Johnsen, Norwegian footballer

• 1969 – Kate Snow, American TV journalist

• 1970 – Mike Doughty, American singer

• 1971 – Joel Hailey, American singer

• 1971 – Erik Rutan, Singer/Guitarist

• 1971 – Bobby Jindal, American politician, current governor of Louisiana

• 1971 – Bruno N'Gotty, French footballer

• 1971 – Kyle Sandilands, Australian radio host and TV personality

• 1972 – Steven Fischer, American film producer and director

• 1972 – Radmila Šekerinska, Macedonian politician

• 1973 – Faith Evans, American singer

• 1973 – Pokey Reese, American baseball player

• 1973 – Flesh-N-Bone, American rapper, (Bone Thugs-N-Harmony)

• 1974 – Orlando Hernandez, Peruvian journalist

• 1975 – Henrik Pedersen, Danish footballer

• 1975 – Risto Jussilainen, Finnish ski jumper

• 1976 – Freddy García, American baseball player

• 1976 – Hadi Saei Bonehkohal, Persian taekwondoka

• 1976 – Stefan Postma, Dutch footballer

• 1976 – Esther Ouwehand, Dutch politician

• 1977 – Takako Matsu, Japanese singer and actress

• 1977 – Adam Darski, Polish musician (Behemoth)

• 1977 – Mike Rosenthal, American football player

• 1977 – Enzo Emanuele, Italian medical researcher

• 1978 – Shane West, American actor

• 1978 – Brian West, American soccer player

• 1979 – Konstantinos Loumpoutis, Greek footballer

• 1979 – Jake Tsakalidis, Georgian/Greek basketball player

• 1980 – Jessica DiCicco, American actress

• 1980 – Francelino Matuzalem, Brazilian footballer

• 1980 – Ovie Mughelli, American football player

• 1980 – Wang Yuegu, Singaporean table tennis player

• 1981 – Jonathan Bennett, actor

• 1981 – Prince Hashim bin Al Hussein, Jordanian royalty

• 1981 – Hoku, American singer and actress

• 1981 – Albie Morkel, South African cricketer

• 1981 – Burton O'Brien, Scottish footballer

• 1982 – Tara Lipinski, American figure skater

• 1982 – Princess Madeleine, Duchess of Hälsingland and Gästrikland, Swedish royalty

• 1982 – Leelee Sobieski, American actress

• 1982 – Ana Lucia Souza, Brazilian ballet dancer

• 1983 – Josh Ramsay, Canadian singer (Marianas Trench)

• 1984 – Dean Leacock, English footballer

• 1984 – Dirk Van Tichelt, Belgian judoka

• 1984 – Nicky Bailey, English footballer

• 1985 – Kristina Lundberg, Swedish ice hockey player

• 1985 – Vasilis Torosidis, Greek footballer

• 1985 – Andy Schleck, Luxembourg cyclist

• 1987 – Lyssa Chapman, American bounty hunter

• 1987 – Martin Harnik, Austrian footballer

• 1987 – Amobi Okoye, Nigerian/American football player

• 1988 – Kelly Vitz, American actress

• 1989 – Mustapha Carayol, Gambian/English footballer

• 1989 – Ryuya Wakaba, Japanese actor

• 1990 – Valeen Montenegro, Filipina actress

Deaths

• 323 BC – Alexander the Great, Macedonian king (b. 356 BC)

• 1075 – Ernest of Austria (b. 1027)

• 1190 – Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1122)

• 1424 – Duke Ernest of Austria (b. 1377)

• 1552 – Alexander Barclay, English poet

• 1556 – Martin Agricola, German composer (b. 1486)

• 1580 – Luís de Camões, Portuguese poet

• 1607 – John Popham, English politician (b. 1531)

• 1654 – Alessandro Algardi, Italian sculptor (b. 1598)

• 1680 – Johan Göransson Gyllenstierna, Swedish statesman (b. 1635)

• 1735 – Thomas Hearne, English antiquarian (b. 1678)

• 1776 – Leopold Widhalm, Austrian luthier (b. 1722)

• 1791 – Toussaint-Guillaume Picquet de la Motte, French admiral (b. 1720)

• 1831 – Hans Karl von Diebitsch, Russian field marshal (b. 1785)

• 1836 – André-Marie Ampère, French physicist (b. 1775)

• 1849 – Thomas Robert Bugeaud, Marshal of France and duke of Isly (b. 1784)

• 1896 – Amelia Dyer, English murderer (b. 1829)

• 1898 – Tuone Udaina, last speaker of the Dalmatian language.

• 1899 – Ernest Chausson, French composer (b. 1855)

• 1901 – Robert Williams Buchanan, British dramatist (b. 1841)

• 1902 – Jacint Verdaguer, Catalan poet (b. 1845)

• 1909 – Edward Everett Hale, American author (b. 1822)

• 1912 – Anton Aškerc, Slovenian poet (b. 1856)

• 1918 – Arrigo Boito, Italian composer (b. 1842)

• 1923 – Pierre Loti, French sailor (b. 1850)

• 1924 – Giacomo Matteotti, Italian socialist politician (b. 1885)

• 1926 – Antoni Gaudí, Spanish, Catalan architect (b. 1852)

• 1930 – Adolf Harnack, German theologian (b. 1851)

• 1934 – Frederick Delius, English composer (b. 1862)

• 1937 – Robert Borden, eighth Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1854)

• 1940 – Marcus Garvey, American civil rights activist (b. 1887)

• 1944 – Willem Jacob van Stockum, Dutch physicist (b. 1910)

• 1946 – Jack Johnson, American boxer (b. 1878)

• 1947 – Alexander Bethune, Canadian politician (b. 1852)

• 1949 – Sigrid Undset, Norwegian writer, Nobel laureate (b. 1882)

• 1958 – Angelina Weld Grimke, American journalist (b. 1880)

• 1959 – Zoltán Meskó, Hungarian Nazi (b. 1883)

• 1963 – Timothy Birdsall, English cartoonist (b. 1936)

• 1967 – Spencer Tracy, American actor (b. 1900)

• 1971 – Michael Rennie, English actor (b. 1909)

• 1973 – William Inge, American playwright (b. 1913)

• 1973 – Erich von Manstein, German military commander (b. 1887)

• 1974 – Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester (b. 1900)

• 1976 – Adolph Zukor, Hungarian-born producer (b. 1873)

• 1982 – Rainer Werner Fassbinder, German author (b. 1945)

• 1982 – Addie "Micki" Harris, American singer (Shirelles) (b. 1940)

• 1986 – Merle Miller, American biographer (b. 1919)

• 1987 – Elizabeth Hartman, American actress (b. 1943)

• 1988 – Louis L'Amour, American author (b. 1908)

• 1991 – Vercors, French writer (b. 1902)

• 1992 – Zak Hernández, American soldier (b. 1970)

• 1992 – Hachidai Nakamura, Japanese songwriter and pianist (b. 1931)

• 1993 – Les Dawson, English comedian (b. 1934)

• 1996 – George Hees, Canadian politician (b. 1910)

• 1996 – Jo Van Fleet, American actress (b. 1914)

• 1998 – Hammond Innes, English author (b. 1914)

• 1998 – Jim Hearn, American baseball player (b. 1921)

• 2000 – Hafez al-Assad, President of Syria (b. 1930)

• 2000 – Brian Statham, English cricketer (b. 1930)

• 2001 – Princess Leila of Iran (b. 1970)

• 2001 – Mike Mentzer, American bodybuilder (b. 1951)

• 2002 – John Gotti, American gangster (b. 1940)

• 2003 – Donald Regan, American Chief of Staff and U.S. Treasury Secretary (b. 1918)

• 2003 – Bernard Williams, English philosopher (b. 1929)

• 2003 – Dr Phil Williams, Welsh politician and scientist (b. 1939)

• 2004 – Ray Charles, American musician (b. 1930)

• 2004 – Xenophon Zolotas, Greek politician (b. 1904)

• 2005 – Curtis Pitts, American aircraft designer (b. 1915)

• 2007 – Augie Auer, New Zealander meterologist and television presenter (b. 1940)

• 2008 – Chinghiz Aitmatov, Kyrgyzstani-born Soviet writer (b. 1928)

• 2009 – Tenniel Evans, English actor (b. 1926)

Holidays and observances

• French Guiana: Abolition Day

• Portugal: Portugal Day ("Day of Camões, Portugal, and the Portuguese Communities")

• Republic of the Congo: Reconciliation Day

• Roman Empire – fourth day of the Vestalia in honor of Vesta

• Roman Catholic Church:

• *Saint Anianus, bishop of Chartres

• *Blessed Getulius, Amancius and Cerealus, martyrs

• *Saint Landericus, bishop of Paris (Landry), confessor

• *Saint Olivia