Events

• 1295 – Scotland and France form an alliance, the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England.

• 1610 – John Guy sets sail from Bristol with 39 other colonists for Newfoundland.

• 1687 – Isaac Newton publishes Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica.

• 1770 – Battle of Chesma and Battle of Larga between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire.

• 1775 – United States Congress adopts the Olive Branch Petition.

• 1803 – The Convention of Artlenburg leads to the French occupation of Hanover (which had been ruled by the British king).

• 1809 – Battle of Wagram starts, the two-day battle was the largest yet of the Napoleonic Wars.

• 1811 – Venezuela declares independence from Spain.

• 1813 – War of 1812: Three weeks of British raids on Fort Schlosser, Black Rock and Plattsburgh, New York begin.

• 1814 – War of 1812: Battle of Chippawa – American Major General Jacob Brown defeats British General Phineas Riall at Chippawa, Ontario.

• 1830 – France invades Algeria.

• 1833 – Admiral Charles Napier defeats the navy of the Portuguese usurper Dom Miguel at the third Battle of Cape St. Vincent.

• 1865 – The Salvation Army is founded in the East End of London, England.

• 1878 – The coat of arms of the Baku governorate is established.

• 1884 – Germany takes possession of Cameroon.

• 1934 – "Bloody Thursday" – Police open fire on striking longshoremen in San Francisco.

• 1935 – The National Labor Relations Act, which governs labor relations in the United States, is signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

• 1937 – Spam, the luncheon meat, is introduced into the market by the Hormel Foods Corporation.

• 1937 – Highest recorded temperature in Canada, at Yellow Grass, Saskatchewan: 45°C (113°F).

• 1940 – World War II: The United Kingdom and the Vichy France government break off diplomatic relations.

• 1941 – World War II: German troops reach the Dnieper River.

• 1943 – The Battle of Kursk, the largest full-scale battle in history, included world largest tank battle at Prokhorovka village, July 12.

• 1943 – World War II: An Allied invasion fleet sails for Sicily (Operation Husky, July 10, 1943).

• 1945 – World War II: Liberation of the Philippines declared.

• 1946 – The bikini is re-introduced in Paris, France (it was a Roman invention).

• 1947 – Larry Doby signs a contract with the Cleveland Indians baseball team, becoming the first black player in the American League. (Jackie Robinson had broken the color barrier with the Brooklyn Dodgers in the National League 11 weeks earlier.)

• 1948 – National Health Service Acts created the national public health systems in the United Kingdom

• 1950 – Korean War: Task Force Smith – First clash between American and North Korean forces.

• 1950 – Zionism: The Knesset passes the Law of Return which grants all Jews the right to immigrate to Israel.

• 1951 – William Shockley invents the junction transistor.

• 1954 – The BBC broadcasts its first television news bulletin.

• 1954 – Andhra Pradesh High Court is established.

• 1958 – First ascent of Gasherbrum I, 11th highest peak on the earth.

• 1962 – Algeria becomes independent from France.

• 1970 – Air Canada Flight 621 crashes near Toronto International Airport killing 109 people.

• 1971 – Right to vote: the Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, lowering the voting age from 21 to 18 years, is formally certified by President Richard Nixon.

• 1973 – Catastrophic BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion) in Kingman, Arizona, following a fire that broke out as propane is being transferred from a railroad car to a storage tank, kills 11 firefighters. This explosion has become a classic incident studied in fire department training programs worldwide.

• 1975 – Arthur Ashe becomes the first black man to win the Wimbledon singles title.

• 1975 – Cape Verde gains its independence from Portugal.

• 1977 – Military coup in Pakistan Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto the very first elected Prime Minister of Pakistan overthrown.

• 1987 – First instance of the LTTE using suicide attacks on Sri Lankan Army. The Black Tigers are born and in the following years continue to use it to deadly effect.

• 1989 – Iran-Contra Affair: Oliver North is sentenced by U.S. District Judge Gerhard A. Gesell to a three-year suspended prison term, two years probation, $150,000 in fines and 1,200 hours community service.

• 1994 – The United States announced it would refuse further unrestricted immigration from Haiti.

• 1995 – Armenia adopts its constitution, four years after their independence from the Soviet Union

• 1996 – Dolly the sheep becomes the first mammal cloned from an adult cell.

• 1998 – Japan launches a probe to Mars, and thus joins the United States and Russia as a space exploring nation.

• 1999 – Wolverhampton, England is hit by storms which include a tornado. The area is hit again with severe storms on August 1.

• 1999 – President Clinton imposed trade and economic sanctions against the Taliban regime in Afghanistan.

• 2003 – SARS is declared to be contained by the WHO.

• 2004 – First Indonesian presidential election by the nation.

• 2006 – North Korea launched at least two short-range Nodong-2 missiles, one SCUD missile and one long-range Taepodong-2 missile.

• 2009 – Roger Federer wins a record 15th Grand Slam title in tennis, winning a five set match against Andy Roddick at Wimbledon.

• 2009 – Ethnic rioting broke out in Ürümqi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China

Births

• 1029 – Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah, Caliph (d. 1094)

• 1321 – Joan of The Tower, Queen consort of Scotland (d. 1362)

• 1547 – Garzia de' Medici, Prince of Tuscany (d. 1562)

• 1549 – Francesco Maria Del Monte, Italian diplomat (d. 1627)

• 1586 – Thomas Hooker, Connecticut colonist (d. 1647)

• 1653 – Thomas Pitt, British Governor of Madras (d. 1726)

• 1670 – Dorothea Sophie of the Palatinate, Duchess of Parma (d. 1748)

• 1675 – Mary Walcott, American accuser at the Salem witch trials

• 1717 – Pedro III of Portugal, consort of Maria I of Portugal (d. 1786)

• 1718 – Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford, Viceroy of Ireland (d. 1794)

• 1745 – Carl Arnold Kortum, German physician (d. 1824)

• 1755 – Sarah Siddons, British actress (d. 1831)

• 1780 – François Carlo Antommarchi, French physician (d. 1838)

• 1793 – Pavel Pestel, Russian revolutionary (d. 1826)

• 1794 – Sylvester Graham, American nutritionist (d. 1851)

• 1801 – David Farragut, American naval commander (d. 1870)

• 1802 – Pavel Nakhimov, Russian admiral (d. 1855)

• 1805 – Robert Fitz Roy, British naval officer and scientist (d. 1865)

• 1805 – Jérôme Napoleon Bonaparte, French prince (d. 1870)

• 1810 – P.T. Barnum, American circus owner (d. 1891)

• 1820 – William John Macquorn Rankine, Scottish engineer and physicist (d. 1872)

• 1829 – Ignacio Mariscal, Writer and Mexican diplomat (d. 1910)

• 1841 – William C. Whitney, American financier (d. 1904)

• 1853 – Cecil Rhodes, British founder of Rhodesia (d. 1902)

• 1857 – Clara Zetkin, German socialist (d. 1933)

• 1860 – Robert Bacon, American politician (d. 1919)

• 1872 – Edouard Herriot, French politician (d. 1957)

• 1874 – Eugen Fischer, German physician (d. 1967)

• 1879 – Wanda Landowska, Polish harpsichordist (d. 1959)

• 1879 – Dwight F. Davis, American tennis player and politician (d. 1945)

• 1880 – Jan Kubelík, Czech violinist (d. 1940)

• 1882 – Inayat Khan, Indian sufi (d. 1927)

• 1885 – Blas Infante, Spanish politician (d. 1936)

• 1885 – André Lhote, French painter (d. 1962)

• 1886 – Willem Drees, Dutch Politician, Prime Minister and Centenarian (d. 1988)

• 1888 – Herbert Spencer Gasser, American physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1963)

• 1889 – Jean Cocteau, French writer (d. 1963)

• 1890 – Frederick Lewis Allen, American social historian (d. 1954)

• 1891 – John Howard Northrop, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987)

• 1891 – Tin Ujević, Croatian poet (d. 1955)

• 1895 – Gordon Jacob, English composer (d. 1984)

• 1899 – Marcel Achard, French playwright, screenwriter and author (d. 1974)

• 1900 – Yoshimaro Yamashina, Japanese ornithologist (d. 1989)

• 1901 – Sergey Obraztsov, Soviet puppet master (d. 1992)

• 1902 – Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., American diplomat (d. 1985)

• 1904 – Harold Acton, American writer and dilettante (d. 1994)

• 1904 – Ernst Mayr, American biologist (d. 2005)

• 1904 – Milburn Stone, American actor (d. 1980)

• 1905 – Myles Horton, American educator and Civil Rights Movement teacher (d. 1990)

• 1910 – Georges Vedel, French public law professor (d. 2002)

• 1910 – Robert K. Merton, American sociologist (d. 2003)

• 1911 – Georges Pompidou, French politician (d. 1974)

• 1912 – Mack David, American lyricist (d. 1993)

• 1913 – Smiley Lewis, American musician (d. 1966)

• 1914 – Gerda Gilboe, Danish actress (d. 2009)

• 1915 – John Woodruff, American athlete (d. 2007)

• 1918 – George Rochberg, American composer (d. 2005)

• 1918 – René Lecavalier, French Canadian radio host and television sportscaster (d. 1999)

• 1920 – Mary Louise Hancock, American politician and activist

• 1924 – Niels Jannasch, Canadian historian and museum curator (d. 2001)

• 1924 – János Starker, Hungarian cellist

• 1928 – Warren Oates, American actor (d. 1982)

• 1928 – Pierre Mauroy, French politician

• 1928 – Katherine Helmond, American actress

• 1931 – Ismail Mahomed, South African and Namibian Chief Justice (d. 2000)

• 1932 – Billy Laughlin, American actor (d. 1948)

• 1932 – Gyula Horn, former Hungarian prime minister

• 1935 – John Gilmore, American true crime author

• 1936 – Shirley Knight, American actress

• 1936 – James Mirrlees, Scottish economist, Nobel Prize laureate

• 1938 – Ronnie Self, American rock singer and songwriter (d. 1981)

• 1939 – Booker Edgerson, American football player

• 1940 – Chuck Close, American painter and photographer

• 1942 – Johannes Löhr, German footballer and trainer

• 1943 – Curt Blefary, American baseball player (d. 2001)

• 1943 – Robbie Robertson, Canadian guitarist (The Band).

• 1945 – Humberto Benítez Treviño, Mexican Politician and Attorney General of México.

• 1946 – Pierre-Marc Johnson, Québécois lawyer, physician and politician

• 1946 – Paul Smith, British fashion designer

• 1946 – Gerardus 't Hooft, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laurete

• 1948 – William Hootkins, American actor (d. 2005)

• 1950 – Huey Lewis, American musician (Huey Lewis and the News)

• 1950 – Michael Monarch, American guitarist (Steppenwolf)

• 1951 – Goose Gossage, American baseball player

• 1951 – Keiko Fuji, Japanese enka singer

• 1954 – Leni Björklund, Swedish politician

• 1954 – John Wright, New Zealand cricketer

• 1954 – Jimmy Crespo, American guitarist (Aerosmith)

• 1955 – Peter McNamara, Australian tennis player

• 1956 – Patsy Pease, American actress

• 1956 – James Lofton, American football player and coach

• 1957 – David Hanson, politician

• 1957 – David Pinkney , British Touring Car Racer

• 1957 – Doug Wilson, Canadian hockey player

• 1958 – Paul Daniel, British opera and symphony conductor

• 1958 – Bill Watterson, American cartoonist

• 1959 – Marc Cohn, American singer and songwriter

• 1960 – Pruitt Taylor Vince, American actor

• 1960 – James M. Kelly, American politician

• 1960 – Brad Loree, Canadian actor and stunt performer

• 1961 – Isabelle Poulenard, French soprano

• 1961 – Patrizia Scianca, Italian voice actress

• 1963 – Edie Falco, American actress

• 1963 – Russ Lorenson, American singer and actor

• 1965 – Eyran Katsenelenbogen, Israeli jazz pianist

• 1966 – Kathryn Erbe, American actress

• 1966 – Susannah Doyle, British actress

• 1966 – Gianfranco Zola, Italian footballer

• 1967 – Silvia Ziche, Italian comics artist

• 1968 – Ken Akamatsu, Mangaka

• 1968 – Kenji Itō, Japanese composer

• 1968 – John Ruskin a.k.a. Nardwuar the Human Serviette, Canadian journalist

• 1968 – Alex Zülle, Swiss cyclist

• 1969 – John LeClair, American hockey player

• 1969 – RZA, American rapper (Wu-Tang Clan)

• 1969 – Jenji Kohan, American television writer and producer

• 1970 – Mac Dre, American rapper (d. 2004)

• 1971 – Derek McInnes, Scottish footballer

• 1972 – Robert Esmie, Canadaian athlete

• 1972 – Letha Weapons, porn actress

• 1973 – Marcus Allbäck, Swedish footballer

• 1973 – Bengt Lagerberg, Swedish musician (The Cardigans)

• 1973 – Róisín Murphy, Irish musician

• 1973 – René Spies, German bobsledder

• 1974 – Márcio Amoroso, Brazilian footballer

• 1975 – Hernán Crespo, Argentinian footballer

• 1975 – Gunnar H. Thomsen, Faroese musician (Týr)

• 1975 – Kip Gamblin, Australian dancer and actor

• 1975 – Ai Sugiyama, Japanese tennis player

• 1976 – Nuno Gomes, Portuguese footballer

• 1976 – Bizarre, American rapper (D12)

• 1977 – Royce Da 5'9", American rapper

• 1977 – Nicolas Kiefer, German tennis player.

• 1979 – Stiliyan Petrov, Bulgarian footballer

• 1979 – Shane Filan, Irish musician (Westlife)

• 1979 – Amélie Mauresmo, French tennis player

• 1980 – Eva Green, French actress

• 1980 – Jason Wade, American musician (Lifehouse)

• 1980 – David Rozehnal, Czech footballer

• 1981 – Jesse Crain, Canadian baseball player

• 1981 – Ryan Hansen, American actor

• 1981 – Gianne Albertoni, Brazilian model

• 1982 – Alberto Gilardino, Italian footballer

• 1982 – Philippe Gilbert, Belgian cyclist

• 1983 – Zheng Jie, Chinese tennis player

• 1984 – Marion Trott, German skeleton racer

• 1984 – Yu Yamada, Ryukyuan model, actress and singer

• 1985 – Stephanie McIntosh, Australian pop singer and actress

• 1985 – Nick O'Malley, British musician (Arctic Monkeys)

• 1988 – Adriano Buzaid, Brazilian racing driver

• 1989 – Joseph King, American musician (Canvas)

• 1989 – Sean O'Pry, American male supermodel

• 1991 – Jason Dolley, American actor

Deaths

• 1316 – Infante Ferdinand of Majorca (b. 1278)

• 1375 – Charles III of Alençon, French archbishop (b. 1337)

• 1472 – Charles of Artois, Count of Eu, French military leader (b. 1394)

• 1507 – Crinitus, Florentine humanist (b. 1475)

• 1539 – St. Anthony Maria Zaccaria, Italian saint (b. 1502)

• 1666 – Albert VI of Bavaria (b. 1584)

• 1676 – Carl Gustaf Wrangel, Swedish soldier (b. 1613)

• 1715 – Charles Ancillon, French Huguenot pastor (b. 1659)

• 1719 – Meinhardt Schomberg, 3rd Duke of Schomberg, Irish general (b. 1641)

• 1773 – Francisco José Freire, Portuguese historian and philologist (b. 1719)

• 1826 – Sir Stamford Raffles, British statesman (b. 1782)

• 1833 – Nicéphore Niépce, French inventor (b. 1765)

• 1859 – Charles Cagniard de la Tour, French physicist (b. 1777)

• 1862 – Heinrich Georg Bronn, German geologist (b. 1800)

• 1863 – Lewis Armistead, Confederate General (b. 1817)

• 1884 – Victor Massé, French composer (b. 1822)

• 1904 – Abai Kunanbaiuli, Kazakh poet (b. 1845)

• 1908 – Jonas Lie, Norwegian author (b. 1833)

• 1920 – Max Klinger, German artist (b. 1857)

• 1927 – Albrecht Kossel, German physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1853)

• 1929 – Henry Lincoln Johnson, Member of 369th regiment (aka Harlem Hell Fighters), first American to receive the Croix de guerre (b. 1897)

• 1932 – Sasha Cherny, Russian poet (b. 1880)

• 1945 – John Curtin, 14th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1885)

• 1948 – Georges Bernanos, French writer (b. 1888)

• 1948 – Carole Landis, American actress (b. 1919)

• 1957 – Charles Sherwood Noble, American-born inventor (b. 1873)

• 1965 – Porfirio Rubirosa, Dominican diplomat and international playboy (b. 1909)

• 1966 – George de Hevesy, Hungarian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1885)

• 1969 – Walter Gropius, German architect (b. 1883)

• 1969 – Wilhelm Backhaus, German pianist (b. 1884)

• 1969 – Leo McCarey, American film director (b. 1898)

• 1969 – Tom Mboya, Kenyan politician (b. 1930)

• 1983 – Harry James, American musician (b. 1916)

• 1991 – Howard Nemerov, American poet (b. 1920)

• 1996 – Erik Wickberg, The Salvation Army general (b. 1904)

• 1997 – Mrs. Miller, American singer (b. 1907)

• 1998 – Sid Luckman, American football player (b. 1916)

• 2001 – Ernie K-Doe, American singer (b. 1936)

• 2002 – Katy Jurado, Mexican actress (b. 1924)

• 2002 – Ted Williams, American baseball player (b. 1918)

• 2003 – Roman Lyashenko, Russian ice hockey player (b. 1979)

• 2004 – Hugh Shearer, Prime Minister of Jamaica (b. 1923)

• 2004 – Rodger Ward, American race car driver (b. 1921)

• 2005 – James Stockdale, U.S. Navy vice admiral (b. 1923)

• 2005 – Shirley Goodman, American singer (b. 1936)

• 2006 – Gert Fredriksson, Swedish canoer (b. 1919)

• 2006 – Kenneth Lay, American businessman (b. 1942)

• 2007 – Régine Crespin, French operatic soprano (b. 1927)

• 2007 – Kerwin Mathews, American actor (b. 1926)

• 2007 – George Melly, British jazz & blues musician (b. 1926)

• 2008 – Hasan Doğan, 37th president of the Turkish Football Federation (b. 1956)

Holidays and observances

• Algeria: Independence Day (1962)

• Armenia: Constitution Day (1995)

• Cape Verde: Independence Day (1975)

• Czech Republic, Slovakia: Saints Cyril and Methodius Day

• International Longshore and Warehouse Union: Bloody Thursday

• Isle of Man: Tynwald Day (if July 5 is on a weekend, the holiday is the following Monday)

• Venezuela: Independence Day (1811)

• Church of the SubGenius: X-Day

• Christian saints and martyrs:

• *Saint Antonio Maria Zaccaria, priest (d. 1539)

• *Saint Nicomedes, martyr

• *Saint Peter of Luxemburg, bishop of Metz, cardinal, confessor

• *Saint Wendelin, confessor

• *Saint Catherine, virgin, martyr (Translation) Regensburg

• *Saint Zoe of Rome, martyr