Events

• 30 BC – Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian's forces, but most of his army subsequently deserts, leading to his suicide.

• 781 – The oldest recorded eruption of Mt. Fuji (Traditional Japanese date: July 6, 781).

• 904 – Thessalonica falls to the Arabs, who destroy the city.

• 1009 – Pope Sergius IV becomes the 142nd pope, succeeding Pope John XVIII.

• 1423 – Hundred Years' War: Battle of Cravant – the French army is defeated at Cravant on the banks of the river Yonne.

• 1451 – Jacques Cœur is arrested by order of Charles VII of France.

• 1492 – The Jews are expelled from Spain when the Alhambra Decree takes effect.

• 1498 – On his third voyage to the Western Hemisphere, Christopher Columbus becomes the first European to discover the island of Trinidad.

• 1588 – The Spanish Armada is spotted off the coast of England.

• 1655 – Russo-Polish War (1654-1667): the Russian army enters the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vilnius, which it holds for six years.

• 1658 – Aurangzeb is proclaimed Moghul emperor of India.

• 1667 – Second Anglo-Dutch War: Treaty of Breda ends the conflict.

• 1703 – Daniel Defoe is placed in a pillory for the crime of seditious libel after publishing a politically satirical pamphlet, but is pelted with flowers.

• 1741 – Charles Albert of Bavaria invades Upper Austria and Bohemia.

• 1777 – The U.S. Second Continental Congress passes a resolution that the services of Marquis de Lafayette "be accepted, and that, in consideration of his zeal, illustrious family and connexions, he have the rank and commission of major-general of the United States."

• 1790 – First U.S. patent is issued to inventor Samuel Hopkins for a potash process.

• 1856 – Christchurch, New Zealand is chartered as a city.

• 1865 – The first narrow gauge mainline railway in the world opens at Grandchester, Australia.

• 1895 – The Basque Nationalist Party (Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea-Partido Nacionalista Vasco) is founded by Basque nationalist leader Sabino Arana.

• 1913 – The Balkan States signs an armistice at Bucharest.

• 1919 – German national assembly adopts the Weimar constitution, which comes into force on August 14.

• 1930 – The radio mystery program The Shadow is aired for the first time.

• 1932 – The NSDAP wins more than 38% of the vote in German elections.

• 1936 – The International Olympic Committee announces that the 1940 Summer Olympics will be held in Tokyo. However, the games are given back to the IOC after the Second Sino-Japanese War breaks out, and are eventually cancelled altogether because of World War II.

• 1938 – Bulgaria signs a non-aggression pact with Greece and other states of Balkan Antanti (Turkey, Romania, Yugoslavia).

• 1938 – Archaeologists discover engraved gold and silver plates from King Darius in Persepolis.

• 1940 – A doodlebug train in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio collides with a multi-car freight train heading in the opposite direction, killing 43 people.

• 1941 – Holocaust: under instructions from Adolf Hitler, Nazi official Hermann Göring, orders SS General Reinhard Heydrich to "submit to me as soon as possible a general plan of the administrative material and financial measures necessary for carrying out the desired final solution of the Jewish question."

• 1945 – Pierre Laval, the fugitive former leader of Vichy France, surrenders to Allied soldiers in Austria.

• 1945 – John K. Giles attempts to escape from Alcatraz prison.

• 1948 – At Idlewild Field in New York, New York International Airport (later renamed John F. Kennedy International Airport) is dedicated.

• 1951 – Japan Airlines is established.

• 1954 – First ascent of K2, by an Italian expedition led by Ardito Desio.

• 1959 – The Basque separatist organisation ETA is founded.

• 1961 – At Fenway Park in Boston, Massachusetts, the first All-Star Game tie in major league baseball history occurs when the game is stopped in the 9th inning because of rain.

• 1964 – Ranger program: Ranger 7 sends back the first close-up photographs of the moon, with images 1,000 times clearer than anything ever seen from earth-bound telescopes.

• 1970 – Black Tot Day: The last day of the officially sanctioned rum ration in the Royal Navy.

• 1971 – Apollo program: Apollo 15 astronauts become the first to ride in a lunar rover.

• 1972 – Northeast Airlines flies its last flight before being integrated into Delta Air Lines the next day.

• 1972 – Operation Motorman: British troops move into the no-go areas of Belfast and Derry, Northern Ireland. End of Free Derry.

• 1972 – Three car bombs are detonated in Claudy, Northern Ireland, killing nine in what is believed to be a Provisional Irish Republican Army attack.

• 1973 – A Delta Air Lines jetliner crashes while landing in fog at Logan Airport, Boston, Massachusetts killing 89.

• 1976 – Viking program: Viking 1 – NASA releases the famous Face on Mars photo.

• 1981 – General Omar Torrijos of Panama dies in a plane crash.

• 1981 – 42-day strike of Major League Baseball ends in the United States.

• 1987 – A rare, class F4 tornado rips through Edmonton, Alberta, killing 27 people and causing $330 million in damage.

• 1988 – 32 people are killed and 1,674 injured when a bridge at the Sultan Abdul Halim ferry terminal collapses in Butterworth, Malaysia.

• 1991 – The Medininkai Massacre in Lithuania. Soviet OMON attacks Lithuanian customs post in Medininkai, killing 7 officers and severely wounding one other.

• 1992 – A Thai Airways Airbus A300-310 crashes into a mountain north of Kathmandu, Nepal killing 113.

• 1992 – Georgia joins the United Nations.

• 1999 – Discovery Program: Lunar Prospector – NASA intentionally crashes the spacecraft into the Moon, thus ending its mission to detect frozen water on the moon's surface.

• 2006 – Fidel Castro hands over power temporarily to brother Raúl Castro.

• 2007 – Operation Banner, the presence of the British Army in Northern Ireland, and the longest-running British Army operation ever, comes to an end.

Births

• 1143 – Emperor Nijo of Japan (d. 1165)

• 1396 – Philip III, Duke of Burgundy (d. 1467)

• 1527 – Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1576)

• 1598 – Alessandro Algardi, Italian sculptor and architect (d. 1654)

• 1702 – Jean Denis Attiret, French Jesuit missionary and painter (d. 1768)

• 1704 – Gabriel Cramer, Swiss mathematician (d. 1752)

• 1718 – John Canton, English physicist (d. 1772)

• 1724 – Noël François de Wailly, French lexicographer (d. 1801)

• 1737 – Princess Augusta of Great Britain (d. 1813)

• 1777 – Pedro Ignacio de Castro Barros, Argentine statesman and priest (d. 1849)

• 1803 – John Ericsson, Swedish inventor and engineer (d. 1889)

• 1816 – George Henry Thomas, American general (d. 1870)

• 1825 – William S. Clark, American senator and scholar (d. 1886)

• 1835 – Henri Brisson, French statesman (d. 1912)

• 1835 – Paul du Chaillu, French explorer (d. 1903)

• 1837 – William Quantrill, American Civil War rebel guerrilla leader (d. 1865)

• 1843 – Peter Rosegger, Austrian poet (d. 1918)

• 1858 – Richard Dixon Oldham, British geologist (d. 1936)

• 1860 – Mary Vaux Walcott, American artist and naturalist (d. 1940)

• 1867 – Sebastian S. Kresge, American merchant and philanthropist (d. 1966)

• 1880 – Munshi Premchand, Indian Author (d. 1936)

• 1883 – Fred Quimby, American film producer (d. 1965)

• 1884 – Carl Friedrich Goerdeler, German politician (d. 1945)

• 1886 – Salvatore Maranzano, Sicilian-born American organized crime figure (d. 1931)

• 1887 – Hans Freyer, German sociologist (d. 1969)

• 1892 – Joseph Charbonneau, French-Canadian Roman Catholic archbishop (d. 1959)

• 1894 – Fred Keenor, Welsh footballer (d. 1972)

• 1901 – Jean Dubuffet, French painter and sculptor (d. 1985)

• 1904 – Brett Halliday, American writer (d. 1977)

• 1909 – Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn, Austrian writer and polyglot (d. 1999)

• 1911 – George Liberace, American musician (d. 1983)

• 1912 – Bill Brown, Australian cricketer (d. 2008)

• 1912 – Milton Friedman, American economist, Nobel laureate (d. 2006)

• 1912 – Irv Kupcinet, American newspaper columnist (d. 2003)

• 1913 – Bryan Hextall, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1984)

• 1914 – Louis de Funès, French actor and comedian (d. 1983)

• 1916 – Billy Hitchcock, American baseball player and official (d. 2006)

• 1916 – Bill Todman, American game show producer (d. 1979)

• 1916 – Sibte Hassan, Pakistani activist

• 1918 – Paul D. Boyer, American chemist, Nobel Prize Laureate

• 1918 – Hank Jones, American pianist

• 1919 – Curt Gowdy, American sports announcer (d. 2006)

• 1919 – Primo Levi, Italian author and chemist (d. 1987)

• 1920 – James Esdras Faust, American religious leader (d. 2007)

• 1921 – Peter Benenson, British founder of Amnesty International (d. 2005)

• 1921 – Donald Malarkey, American World War II hero

• 1921 – Whitney Young, American civil rights activist (d. 1971)

• 1922 – Hank Bauer, American baseball player and manager (d. 2007)

• 1923 – Ahmet Ertegün, Turkish-born record company executive (d. 2006)

• 1923 – Jimmy Evert, American tennis coach and father of Chris Evert

• 1926 – Hilary Putnam, American philosopher

• 1929 – Don Murray, American actor

• 1929 – José Santamaria, Uruguayan footballer

• 1929 – Lynne Reid Banks, British author

• 1930 – Oleg Popov, Russian clown

• 1931 – Kenny Burrell, American guitarist

• 1931 – Nick Bollettieri, American tennis coach

• 1931 – Ivan Rebroff, German singer (d. 2008)

• 1932 – Ted Cassidy, American actor (d. 1979)

• 1932 – John Searle, American philosopher

• 1933 – Cees Nooteboom, Dutch writer

• 1935 – Yvon Deschamps, French-Canadian author and humorist

• 1935 – Geoffrey Lewis, American actor

• 1936 – Vic Davalillo, Venezuelan baseball player

• 1939 – France Nuyen, French actress

• 1940 – Carol J. Clover, American academic

• 1941 – Amarsinh Chaudhary, Indian politician (d. 2004)

• 1943 – William Bennett, 3^rd United States Secretary of Education

• 1943 – Susan Flannery, American actress

• 1943 – Lobo, American singer and songwriter

• 1943 – Sab Shimono, Japanese-American actor

• 1944 – Geraldine Chaplin, American actress

• 1944 – Jonathan Dimbleby, British journalist and television presenter

• 1944 – Robert C. Merton, American mathematician

• 1945 – Gary Lewis, American vocalist (Gary Lewis & the Playboys)

• 1945 – William Weld, 68^th Governor of Massachusetts

• 1946 – Bob Welch, American musician

• 1946 – Karen Zerby, American religious leader

• 1950 – Lane Davies, American actor

• 1950 – Steve Miller, American writer

• 1951 – Evonne Goolagong, Australian tennis player

• 1951 – Barry Van Dyke, American actor

• 1952 – Chris Ahrens, American ice hockey player

• 1952 – Alan Autry, American football player and politician

• 1952 – Helmuts Balderis, Latvian hockey player

• 1952 – João Barreiros, Portuguese writer

• 1953 – Ted Baillieu, Australian politician

• 1953 – James Read, American actor

• 1953 – Jimmy Cook, former South African cricketer

• 1954 – Derek Smith, Canadian ice hockey player

• 1955 – Jakie Quartz, French singer

• 1956 – Michael Biehn, American actor

• 1956 – Deval Patrick, American politician

• 1956 – Bill Callahan, American football coach

• 1957 – Daniel Ash, British musician (Bauhaus)

• 1957 – Leon Durham, American baseball player

• 1957 – Dirk Blocker, American actor

• 1958 – Bill Berry, American musician (R.E.M.)

• 1958 – Mark Cuban, American businessman and basketball team owner

• 1959 – Stanley Jordan, American jazz guitarist

• 1960 – Dale Hunter, Canadian ice hockey player

• 1962 – John Chiang, American politician

• 1962 – Kevin Greene, American football player

• 1962 – Wesley Snipes, American actor

• 1963 – Brian Skrudland, Canadian ice hockey player

• 1963 – Norman Cook, British musician (The Housemartins, Freak Power, Beats International, Fatboy Slim)

• 1964 – Jim Corr, Irish singer and musician (The Corrs)

• 1965 – Scott Brooks, American basketball player

• 1965 – John Laurinaitis, American professional wrestler

• 1965 – J. K. Rowling, British writer

• 1965 – Julian Richards, British film director

• 1966 – Dean Cain, American actor

• 1967 – Minako Honda, Japanese singer and musical actress (d. 2005)

• 1967 – Mitsuo Iwata, Japanese seiyū

• 1967 – Tim Wright (musician), Composer

• 1968 – Saeed-Al-Saffar, Former UAE cricketer

• 1969 – David Cash, American professional wrestler

• 1969 – Loren Dean, American actor

• 1969 – Kenneth D. Schisler, American politician

• 1970 – Ahmad Akbarpour, Iranian writer

• 1970 – Giorgos Sigalas, Greek basketball player

• 1970 – Dave Wedge, American journalist

• 1971 – Gus Frerotte, American football player

• 1971 – John Lowery, American guitarist

• 1972 – Giorgos Kapoutzidis, Greek screenwriter and actor

• 1973 – Nathan Brown, Australian rugby league player

• 1973 – Fabulous Flournoy American basketball player and coach Newcastle Eagles

• 1974 – Emilia Fox, English actress

• 1974 – Jonathan Ogden, American football player

• 1975 – Randy Flores, American baseball player

• 1975 – Simon Hirst, British radio DJ

• 1975 – Mike Lincoln, American baseball player

• 1975 – Poesy Liang, Founder of Helping Angels

• 1975 – Allan von Schenkel, American musician

• 1975 – Andrew Hall, Former South African cricketer

• 1976 – Joshua Cain, American musician (Motion City Soundtrack)

• 1976 – Paulo Wanchope, Costa Rican footballer

• 1977 – Tim Couch, American football player

• 1978 – Will Champion, English musician (Coldplay)

• 1978 – Zeta Makripoulia, Greek actress, model and TV presenter

• 1978 – Justin Wilson, English racing driver

• 1979 – J. J. Furmaniak, American baseball player

• 1979 – Per Krøldrup, Danish footballer

• 1979 – Jade Kwan, Hong Kong singer

• 1979 – Carlos Marchena, Spanish footballer

• 1979 – B. J. Novak, American actor

• 1980 – Mils Muliaina, New Zealand rugby union player

• 1980 – Mikko Hirvonen, Finnish Rally Driver

• 1981 – Eric Lively, American actor

• 1981 – J.Son Dinant, American comedian

• 1981 – Ira Losco, Maltese singer

• 1981 – Matthew Sanders, American singer (Avenged Sevenfold)

• 1982 – Blessing Mahwire, Zimbabwean cricketer

• 1982 – DeMarcus Ware, American football player for the Dallas Cowboys

• 1986 – Evgeni Malkin, Russian ice hockey player

• 1986 – Harry Potter, The Boy Who Lived, defeated the Dark Lord, saving all muggles, witches and wizards alike

• 1987 – Michael Bradley, American footballer

• 1987 – Brittany Byrnes, Australian Actress

• 1988 – Krystal Meyers, American Christian singer/songwriter/musician

• 1989 – Victoria Azarenka, Belarusian tennis player

• 1990 – Olga Galchenko, Russian juggler

• 1992 – Curtis James, American runner

Deaths

• 855 – Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Muslim Jurisprudent (b. 780)

• 1396 – William Courtenay, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1342)

• 1508 – Na'od, Emperor of Ethiopia (b. 1494)

• 1556 – Ignatius Loyola, Spanish priest and founder of the Jesuits (b. 1491)

• 1653 – Thomas Dudley, Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony (b. 1576)

• 1726 – Nicolaus II Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician (b. 1695)

• 1750 – King John V of Portugal (b. 1689)

• 1784 – Denis Diderot, French philosopher and encylopedist (b. 1713)

• 1864 – Louis Hachette, French publisher (b. 1800)

• 1875 – Andrew Johnson, 17th President of the United States (b. 1808)

• 1886 – Franz Liszt, Hungarian composer (b. 1811)

• 1914 – Jean Jaurès, French politician (d. 1859)

• 1917 – Francis Ledwidge, Irish poet (b. 1881)

• 1917 – Hedd Wyn, Welsh poet (b. 1887)

• 1920 – Ion Dragoumis, Greek diplomat, writer and revolutionary (b. 1878)

• 1943 – Hedley Verity, English Test cricketer (b. 1905)

• 1944 – Antoine de Saint-Exupery, French pilot and writer (b. 1900)

• 1953 – Robert Taft, U.S. Senator from Ohio and Presidential candidate (b. 1889)

• 1954 – Onofre Marimón, Argentine racing driver (b. 1923)

• 1963 – Sir Robert Chapman, British soldier and politician (b. 1880)

• 1964 – Jim Reeves, American singer (b. 1923)

• 1966 – Bud Powell, American jazz pianist (b. 1924)

• 1970 – Walter Briggs, Jr., American sports executive (b. 1912)

• 1972 – Paul-Henri Spaak, Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1899)

• 1980 – Pascual Jordan, German physicist (b. 1902)

• 1980 – Mohd. Rafi, Indian playback singer (b. 1924)

• 1986 – Chiune Sugihara, Japanese diplomat (b. 1900)

• 1986 – Teddy Wilson, American jazz pianist (b. 1912)

• 1988 – Trinidad Silva, American actor (b. 1950)

• 1990 – Albert Leduc, French Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1902)

• 1993 – King Baudouin I of Belgium (b. 1930)

• 1996 – Seagram Miller, American rapper (b. 1970)

• 2001 – Poul Anderson, American author (b. 1926)

• 2001 – Francisco da Costa Gomes, 16^th President of Portugal (b. 1914)

• 2001 – Friedrich Franz, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (b. 1910)

• 2003 – Guido Crepax, Italian comics artist (b. 1933)

• 2004 – Virginia Grey, American actress (b. 1917)

• 2004 – Laura Betti, Italian actress (b. 1927)

• 2005 – Wim Duisenberg, Dutch banker (b. 1935)

• 2006 – Paul Eells, American sportscaster (b. 1935)

• 2009 – Sir Bobby Robson, English professional football player and manager (b. 1933)

Holidays and observances

• Hari Pahlawan – Malaysian warrior's day.

• Ka Hae Hawai‘i – Hawaiian Flag Day.

• End of the Trinity term (sitting of the High Court of Justice of England).

• Saint Germanus (died 448), bishop of Auxerre, confessor [Bruges; Paris]

• Saint Ignatius of Loyola, founder of the Jesuits