Events

• 1014 – Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat on the Bulgarian army, and his subsequent treatment of 15,000 prisoners reportedly causes Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria to die of a heart attack several months later, on October 6.

• 1030 – Ladejarl-Fairhair succession wars: Battle of Stiklestad – King Olaf II fights and dies trying to regain his Norwegian throne from the Danes.

• 1565 – The widowed Mary Queen of Scots marries Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, Duke of Albany at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh, Scotland.

• 1567 – James VI is crowned King of Scotland at Stirling.

• 1588 – Anglo-Spanish War: Battle of Gravelines – English naval forces under command of Lord Charles Howard and Sir Francis Drake defeat the Spanish Armada off the coast of Gravelines, France.

• 1693 – War of the Grand Alliance: Battle of Landen – France wins a Pyrrhic victory over Allied forces in the Netherlands.

• 1793 – John Graves Simcoe decides to build a fort and settlement at Toronto, having sailed into the bay there.

• 1830 – Abdication of Charles X of France.

• 1836 – Inauguration of the Arc de Triomphe in Paris.

• 1847 – Cumberland School of Law is founded in Lebanon, Tennessee, United States, one of only 15 law schools to exist in the United States at the end of 1847.

• 1848 – Irish Potato Famine: Tipperary Revolt – in Tipperary, an unsuccessful nationalist revolt against British rule is put down by police.

• 1851 – Annibale de Gasparis discovers asteroid 15 Eunomia.

• 1858 – United States and Japan sign the Harris Treaty.

• 1864 – American Civil War: Confederate spy Belle Boyd is arrested by Union troops and detained at the Old Capitol Prison in Washington, D.C..

• 1899 – The First Hague Convention is signed.

• 1900 – In Italy, King Umberto I of Italy is assassinated by Italian-born anarchist Gaetano Bresci.

• 1901 – The Socialist Party of America founded.

• 1907 – Sir Robert Baden Powell sets up the Brownsea Island Scout camp in Poole Harbour on the south coast of England. The camp ran from August 1-9, 1907, and is regarded as the foundation of the Scouting movement.

• 1920 – Construction of the Link River Dam begins as part of the Klamath Reclamation Project.

• 1921 – Adolf Hitler becomes leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party.

• 1932 – Great Depression: in Washington, D.C., troops disperse the last of the "Bonus Army" of World War I veterans.

• 1937 – Tongzhou Incident

• 1945 – The BBC Light Programme radio station is launched for mainstream light entertainment and music.

• 1948 – Olympic Games: The Games of the XIV Olympiad – after a hiatus of 12 years caused by World War II, the first Summer Olympics to be held since the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin open in London.

• 1957 – The International Atomic Energy Agency is established.

• 1958 – U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs into law the National Aeronautics and Space Act, which creates the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).

• 1959 – First United States Congress elections in Hawaii as a state of the Union.

• 1965 – Vietnam War: the first 4,000 101st Airborne Division paratroopers arrive in Vietnam, landing at Cam Ranh Bay.

• 1967 – Vietnam War: off the coast of North Vietnam the USS Forrestal catches on fire in the worst U.S. naval disaster since World War II, killing 134.

• 1967 – During the fourth day of celebrating its 400th anniversary, the city of Caracas, Venezuela is shaken by an earthquake, leaving approximately 500 dead.

• 1976 – In New York City, the "Son of Sam" kills one person and seriously wounds another in the first of a series of attacks.

• 1981 – Marriage of Charles, Prince of Wales to Lady Diana Spencer.

• 1987 – British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and President of France François Mitterrand sign the agreement to build a tunnel under the English Channel (Eurotunnel).

• 1987 – Prime Minister of India Rajiv Gandhi and President of Sri Lanka J. R. Jayawardene sign the Indo-Lankan Pact on ethnic issues.

• 1993 – The Israeli Supreme Court acquits alleged Nazi death camp guard John Demjanjuk of all charges and he is set free.

• 1996 – The controversial child protection portion of the Communications Decency Act is struck down by a U.S. federal court as too broad .

• 2005 – Astronomers announce their discovery of Eris.

Births

• 1166 – Henry II of Champagne (d. 1197)

• 1605 – Simon Dach, German poet (d. 1659)

• 1763 – Philip Charles Durham, Royal Navy Admiral (d. 1845)

• 1797 – Daniel Drew, American financier (d. 1879)

• 1801 – George Bradshaw, English publisher (d. 1853)

• 1805 – Alexis de Tocqueville, French historian and political scientist (d. 1859)

• 1846 – Isabel of Brazil (d. 1921)

• 1843 – Johannes Schmidt, German linguist (d. 1901)

• 1849 – Max Nordau, Austrian author and Zionist leader (d. 1923)

• 1869 – Booth Tarkington, American author (d. 1946)

• 1872 – Eric Alfred Knudsen, American folklorist (d. 1957)

• 1874 – James Shaver Woodsworth, Canadian politician (d. 1942)

• 1876 – Maria Ouspenskaya, Russian-born actress (d. 1949)

• 1878 – Don Marquis, American author (d. 1937)

• 1883 – Porfirio Barba-Jacob, Colombian poet and writer (d. 1942)

• 1883 – Benito Mussolini, Italian dictator (d. 1945)

• 1884 – Ralph A. Bard, U.S. Navy Undersecretary (d. 1975)

• 1885 – Theda Bara, American film actress (d. 1955)

• 1887 – Sigmund Romberg, Hungarian-born composer (d. 1951)

• 1892 – William Powell, American actor (d. 1984)

• 1897 – Sir Neil Ritchie, British general (d. 1983)

• 1898 – Isidor Isaac Rabi, American physicist, Nobel Prize Laureate (d. 1988)

• 1899 – Walter Beall, American baseball player (d. 1959)

• 1900 – Eyvind Johnson, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize Laureate (d. 1976)

• 1900 – Don Redman, American musician (d. 1964)

• 1904 – J. R. D. Tata, Indian industrialist (d. 1993)

• 1905 – Clara Bow, American actress (d. 1965)

• 1905 – Dag Hammarskjöld, Swedish 2nd UN Secretary-General, Nobel Prize Laureate (d. 1961)

• 1905 – Thelma Todd, American actress (d. 1935)

• 1905 – Stanley Kunitz, American poet (d. 2006)

• 1906 – Diana Vreeland, French-born fashion editor (d. 1989)

• 1907 – Melvin Belli, American lawyer and actor (d. 1996)

• 1909 – Chester Himes, American author (d. 1984)

• 1911 – Foster Furcolo, 60^th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1995)

• 1911 – Iakovos, Archbishop of America (d. 2005)

• 1913 – Erich Priebke, Nazi war criminal

• 1914 – Irwin Corey, American stand-up comedian

• 1915 – Bruce R. McConkie, LDS apostle and author (d. 1985)

• 1915 – Francis W. Sargent, 64^th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1998)

• 1916 – Charlie Christian, American jazz guitarist (d. 1942)

• 1916 – Budd Boetticher, American film director (d. 2001)

• 1918 – Edwin O'Connor, American novelist and Pulitzer Prize winner (d. 1968)

• 1920 – Rodolfo Acosta, Mexican actor (d. 1974)

• 1920 – Neville Jeffress, Australian founder of Media Monitors Australia (d. 2007)

• 1921 – Richard Egan, American actor (d. 1987)

• 1923 – Jim Marshall, founder of Marshall Amplification

• 1923 – Gordon Mitchell, American actor (d. 2003)

• 1924 – Lloyd Bochner, Canadian actor (d. 2005)

• 1924 – Robert Horton, American actor

• 1924 – Elizabeth Short, victim in the Black Dahlia case (d. 1947)

• 1925 – Mikis Theodorakis, Greek composer

• 1925 – Ted Lindsay, Canadian hockey player

• 1927 – Harry Mulisch, Dutch author

• 1929 – Jean Baudrillard, French philosopher

• 1930 – Paul Taylor, American dancer and choreographer

• 1932 – Nancy Kassebaum Baker, United States Senator from Kansas

• 1933 – Lou Albano, American pro wrestling manager

• 1933 – Colin Davis, British racing driver

• 1933 – Robert Fuller, American actor

• 1935 – Peter Schreier, German tenor

• 1936 – Elizabeth Dole, U.S. Senator from North Carolina

• 1937 – Daniel McFadden, American economist, Nobel Prize Laureate

• 1938 – Peter Jennings, Canadian-born journalist (d. 2005)

• 1938 – Jean Rochon, Quebec politician

• 1941 – Jennifer Dunn, American politician (d. 2007)

• 1941 – David Warner, English actor

• 1942 – Tony Sirico, American actor

• 1943 – David Taylor, English snooker player

• 1945 – Mircea Lucescu, Romanian football manager

• 1946 – Ximena Armas, Chilean painter

• 1946 – Neal Doughty, American musician (REO Speedwagon)

• 1946 – Diane Keen, English actress

• 1947 – Dick Harmon, American golf instructor (d. 2006)

• 1949 – Leslie Easterbrook, American actress

• 1949 – Jamil Mahuad, former President of Ecuador

• 1951 – Dan Driessen, American baseball player

• 1951 – Dean Pitchford, American songwriter, filmmaker and novelist

• 1952 – Marie Panayotopoulos-Cassiotou, Greek politician

• 1953 – Ken Burns, American producer and director

• 1953 – Geddy Lee, Canadian bassist and singer (Rush)

• 1953 – Patti Scialfa, American singer, guitarist and songwriter

• 1953 – Tim Gunn, American television personality

• 1955 – Dave Stevens, American illustrator

• 1955 – Jean-Hugues Anglade, French actor

• 1956 – Teddy Atlas, American boxing trainer and commentator

• 1956 – Ronnie Musgrove, Former Governor of Mississippi

• 1957 – Nellie Kim, Russian gymnast

• 1957 – Alessandra Marc, American operatic soprano

• 1959 – Sanjay Dutt, Indian actor

• 1959 – Ruud Janssen, Dutch writer and artist

• 1959 – Dave LaPoint, American baseball player

• 1959 – John Sykes, British guitarist (Thin Lizzy, Whitesnake, Tygers of Pan Tang)

• 1962 – Vincent Rousseau, Belgian athlete

• 1962 – Scott Steiner, American professional wrestler

• 1963 – Graham Poll, English football referee

• 1963 – Jim Beglin, Irish football commentator

• 1963 – Alexandra Paul, American actress

• 1965 – Chang-Rae Lee, Korean-born author

• 1965 – Luis Alicea, baseball coach

• 1965 – Dean Haglund, Canadian actor

• 1966 – Martina McBride, American singer

• 1966 – Richard Steven Horvitz, American comic voiceactor

• 1968 – Paavo Lotjonen, Finnish Cellist (Apocalyptica)

• 1970 – John Rennie, Former Zimbabwean cricketer

• 1970 – Andi Peters, British TV presenter

• 1971 – Monica Calhoun, American actress

• 1971 – Lisa Ekdahl, Swedish singer songwriter

• 1972 – Wil Wheaton, American actor

• 1973 – Stephen Dorff, American actor

• 1973 – Wanya Morris, American singer (Boyz II Men)

• 1974 – Josh Radnor, American actor

• 1974 – Afroman, American rapper

• 1975 – Corrado Grabbi, Italian footballer

• 1975 – Lanka de Silva, Former Sri Lankan cricketer

• 1977 – Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins, American songwriter and record producer

• 1979 – Karim Essediri, Tunisian footballer

• 1979 – Ronald Murray, American basketball player

• 1980 – Ryan Braun, Canadian baseball player

• 1980 – Fernando González, Chilean tennis player

• 1980 – Rachel Miner, American actress

• 1981 – Fernando Alonso, Spanish Formula 1 Driver

• 1981 – Andrés Madrid, Argentine footballer

• 1981 – Troy Perkins, American soccer player

• 1982 – Janez Aljančič, Slovenian footballer

• 1982 – Jônatas Domingos, Brazilian footballer

• 1982 – Allison Mack, American actress

• 1983 – Alexei Kaigorodov, Russian hockey player

• 1984 – Chad Billingsley, American baseball player

• 1985 – Besart Berisha, Albanian footballer

Deaths

• 238 – Pupienus, Roman Emperor

• 238 – Balbinus, Roman Emperor

• 1030 – Olaf II of Norway (b. 995)

• 1095 – Saint Ladislaus I, a King of Hungary (b. c. 1040)

• 1099 – Pope Urban II (b. 1042)

• 1108 – Philip I of France (b. 1052)

• 1507 – Martin Behaim, German-born navigator and geographer (b. 1459)

• 1573 – John Caius, English physician and second founder of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge (b. 1510)

• 1612 – Jacques Bongars, French scholar and diplomat (b. 1554)

• 1644 – Pope Urban VIII (b. 1568)

• 1752 – Peter Warren, British admiral (b. 1703)

• 1781 – Johann Kies, German astronomer and mathematician (b. 1713)

• 1792 – René Nicolas Charles Augustin de Maupeou, Chancellor of France (b. 1714)

• 1813 – Jean-Andoche Junot, French general (b. 1771)

• 1833 – William Wilberforce, English abolitionist (b. 1759)

• 1839 – Gaspard de Prony, French mathematician (b. 1755)

• 1844 – Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart, Austrian composer (b. 1791)

• 1856 – Robert Schumann, German composer (b. 1810)

• 1857 – Thomas Dick, Scottish scientific teacher and writer (b. 1774)

• 1887 – Agostino Depretis, Italian statesman (d. 1813)

• 1890 – Vincent van Gogh, Dutch painter (b. 1853)

• 1900 – King Umberto I of Italy (b. 1844)

• 1913 – Tobias Michael Carel Asser, Dutch jurist, Nobel Prize Laureate (b. 1838)

• 1918 – Ernest William Christmas, Australian painter (b. 1863)

• 1934 – Didier Pitre, French Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1883)

• 1938 – Nikolai Krylenko, Russian/Soviet jurist and politician (b. 1885)

• 1950 – Joe Fry, British racing driver (b. 1915)

• 1954 – Coen de Koning, Dutch speed skater (b. 1879)

• 1964 – Vean Gregg, American baseball player (b. 1885)

• 1970 – John Barbirolli, English conductor (b. 1899)

• 1973 – Norm Smith, Australian rules footballer and coach (b. 1915)

• 1973 – Roger Williamson, English racing driver (b. 1948)

• 1974 – Cass Elliot, American musician (b. 1941)

• 1974 – Erich Kästner, German author (b. 1899)

• 1976 – Mickey Cohen, American gangster (b. 1913)

• 1979 – Herbert Marcuse, German philosopher (b. 1898)

• 1979 – Bill Todman, American television producer (b. 1916)

• 1981 – Robert Moses, American urban planner (b. 1888)

• 1982 – Harold Sakata, Japanese-American actor (b. 1920)

• 1982 – Vladimir Zworykin, Russian physicist and inventor (b. 1889)

• 1983 – Luis Buñuel, Spanish director (b. 1900)

• 1983 – Raymond Massey, Canadian actor (b. 1896)

• 1983 – David Niven, English actor (b. 1910)

• 1984 – Fred Waring, American band leader and inventor (b. 1900)

• 1987 – Bibhutibhushan Mukhopadhyay, Bengali author (b. 1894)

• 1990 – Bruno Kreisky, Chancellor of Austria (b. 1911)

• 1992 – Michel Larocque, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1952)

• 1994 – Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, British chemist, Nobel laureate (b. 1910)

• 1995 – Les Elgart, American jazz musician and bandleader (b. 1917)

• 1996 – Ric Nordman, Canadian politician (b. 1919)

• 1996 – Jason Thirsk, American bassist (Pennywise) (b. 1967)

• 1996 – Marcel-Paul Schützenberger, French mathematician (b. 1920)

• 1998 – Jerome Robbins, American choreographer (b. 1918)

• 2001 – Edward Gierek, Polish politician (b. 1913)

• 2001 – Wau Holland, German computer hacker (b. 1951)

• 2003 – Foday Sankoh, Sierra Leonean rebel leader (b. 1937)

• 2004 – Rena Vlahopoulou, Greek actress and singer (b. 1923)

• 2007 – Mike Reid, English comedian and actor (b. 1940)

• 2007 – Michel Serrault, French actor (b. 1928)

• 2007 – Tom Snyder, American television personality (b. 1936)

• 2007 – Marvin Zindler, American television reporter (b. 1921)

• 2008 – Ishmeet Singh Sodhi, Indian Playback Singer (b. 1989)

• 2009 – Gayatri Devi, Ex-Maharani of Indian state Jaipur. (b. 1919)

Holidays and observances

• Faroe Islands – Ólavsøka: opening of the Løgting session.

• National Anthem Day in Romania.

• Saint Eugenius, king [Magdeburg]

• Saint Felix I, pope, and companions (Simplicius, Faustinus and Beatrix, (siblings)), martyrs [common]

• Saint Ladislas, king, confessor (Deposition) [Hungary]

• Saint Lupus, bishop of Troyes, confessor [Cologne, Constance, Metz, Paris, France]

• Saint Olaf II of Norway, king of Norway, martyr, patron of woodcarvers [Sleswig, Scandinavia] – celebrated in Norway as Olsok (St. Olav's Day)

• Saint Pantaleon [Paris]

• Saint Beatrice of Nazareth

• Saint Martha, host of Christ, sister of Lazarus, patron saint of cooks, domestic staff and dieticians [common]

• Saint Serafina