Events

• 1099 – First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Jerusalem.

• 1298 – Wars of Scottish Independence: Battle of Falkirk – King Edward I of England and his longbowmen defeat William Wallace and his Scottish schiltrons outside the town.

• 1456 – Ottoman Wars in Europe: Siege of Belgrade – John Hunyadi, Regent of Kingdom of Hungary defeats Mehmet II of Ottoman Empire

• 1484 – Battle of Lochmaben Fair – a 500-man raiding party led by Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany and James Douglas, 9th Earl of Douglas are defeated by Scots forces loyal to Albany's brother James III of Scotland; Douglas is captured.

• 1499 – Battle of Dornach – the Swiss decisively defeat the Imperial army of Emperor Maximilian I.

• 1587 – Colony of Roanoke: a second group of English settlers arrive on Roanoke Island off North Carolina to re-establish the deserted colony.

• 1686 – Albany, New York is formally chartered as a municipality by Governor Thomas Dongan.

• 1793 – Alexander Mackenzie reaches the Pacific Ocean becoming the first Euro-American to complete a transcontinental crossing of Canada.

• 1796 – Surveyors of the Connecticut Land Company name an area in Ohio "Cleveland" after Gen. Moses Cleaveland, the superintendent of the surveying party.

• 1805 – Napoleonic Wars: War of the Third Coalition – Battle of Cape Finisterre – an inconclusive naval action is fought between a combined French and Spanish fleets under Admiral Pierre-Charles Villeneuve of Spain and a British fleet under Admiral Robert Calder.

• 1812 – Napoleonic Wars: Peninsular War – Battle of Salamanca – British forces led by Arthur Wellesley (later the Duke of Wellington) defeat French troops near Salamanca, Spain.

• 1864 – American Civil War: Battle of Atlanta – outside Atlanta, Georgia, Confederate General John Bell Hood leads an unsuccessful attack on Union troops under General William T. Sherman on Bald Hill.

• 1894 – First ever motorized racing event is held in France between the cities of Paris and Rouen. The race is won by comte Jules-Albert de Dion.

• 1916 – In San Francisco, California, a bomb explodes on Market Street during a Preparedness Day parade killing 10 and injuring 40.

• 1933 – Wiley Post becomes the first person to fly solo around the world traveling 15,596 miles in 7 days, 18 hours and 45 minutes.

• 1934 – Outside Chicago's Biograph Theatre, "Public Enemy No. 1" John Dillinger is mortally wounded by FBI agents.

• 1937 – New Deal: the United States Senate votes down President Franklin D. Roosevelt's proposal to add more justices to the Supreme Court of the United States.

• 1942 – The United States government begins compulsory civilian gasoline rationing due to the wartime demands.

• 1942 – Holocaust: the systematic deportation of Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto begins.

• 1943 – Allied forces capture the Italian city of Palermo.

• 1944 – The Polish Committee of National Liberation publishes its manifesto, starting the period of Communist rule in Poland

• 1946 – King David Hotel bombing: Irgun bombs King David Hotel in Jerusalem, headquarters of the British civil and military administration, killing 90.

• 1962 – Mariner program: Mariner 1 spacecraft flies erratically several minutes after launch and has to be destroyed.

• 1976 – Japan completes its last reparation to the Philippines for war crimes committed in Japan's imperial conquest of the country in the Second World War

• 1977 – Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping is restored to power.

• 1983 – Martial law in Poland is officially revoked.

• 1992 – Near Medellín, Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar escapes from his luxury prison fearing extradition to the United States.

• 1993 – Great Flood of 1993: Levees near Kaskaskia, Illinois rupture, forcing the entire town to evacuate by barges operated by the Army Corps of Engineers.

• 1997 – The second Blue Water Bridge opens between Port Huron, Michigan and Sarnia, Ontario.

• 2002 – Israel kills terrorist Salah Shahade, the Commander-in-Chief of Hamas's military arm, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades.

• 2003 – Members of 101st Airborne of the United States, aided by Special Forces, attack a compound in Iraq, killing Saddam Hussein's sons Uday and Qusay, along with Mustapha Hussein, Qusay's 14-year old son, and a bodyguard.

• 2005 – Jean Charles de Menezes is killed by police as the hunt begins for the London Bombers responsible for the 7 July 2005 London bombings and the 21 July 2005 London bombings.

Births

• 1210 – Joan of England, Queen consort of Scotland, wife of Alexander II of Scotland (d. 1238)

• 1478 – King Philip I of Castile (d. 1506)

• 1510 – Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence (d. 1537)

• 1535 – Katarina Stenbock, wife of Gustav I of Sweden (d. 1621)

• 1559 – Lawrence of Brindisi, Italian monk (d. 1619)

• 1621 – Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, English politician (d. 1683)

• 1711 – Georg Wilhelm Richmann, Russian physicist (d. 1753)

• 1713 – Jacques-Germain Soufflot, French architect (d. 1780)

• 1733 – Mikhail Shcherbatov, Russian philosopher and writer (d. 1790)

• 1755 – Gaspard de Prony, French mathematician (d. 1839)

• 1784 – Friedrich Bessel, German mathematician and astronomer (d. 1846)

• 1844 – William Archibald Spooner, English priest and scholar (d. 1930)

• 1848 – Adolf Friedrich V, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (d. 1914)

• 1849 – Emma Lazarus, American poet (d. 1887)

• 1863 – Alec Hearne, Former England cricketer (d. 1952)

• 1882 – Edward Hopper, American painter (d. 1967)

• 1887 – Gustav Ludwig Hertz, German physicist, Nobel laureate (d. 1975)

• 1888 – Kirk Bryan, American geologist (d. 1950)

• 1888 – Selman Waksman, Ukrainian/American biochemist, Nobel laureate (d. 1973)

• 1889 – James Whale, English film director (d. 1957)

• 1890 – Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy, American Kennedy family matriarch (d. 1995)

• 1892 – Jack MacBryan, Former England cricketer and Olympic gold medallist (d. 1983)

• 1893 – Jesse Haines, American baseball player (d. 1978)

• 1893 – Karl Menninger, American psychiatrist (d. 1990)

• 1898 – Stephen Vincent Benét, American author (d. 1943)

• 1898 – Alexander Calder, American artist (d. 1976)

• 1905 – Doc Cramer, American baseball player (d. 1990)

• 1908 – Amy Vanderbilt, American author (d. 1974)

• 1909 – Dorino Serafini, Italian racing driver (d. 2000)

• 1913 – Licia Albanese, American opera singer

• 1913 – Gorni Kramer, Italian bandleader (d. 1995)

• 1915 – Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah, Pakistani politician, diplomat and author. (d. 2000)

• 1916 – Gino Bianco, Brazilian racing driver (d. 1984)

• 1916 – Marcel Cerdan, French boxer (d. 1949)

• 1921 – William Roth, U.S. Senator (d. 2003)

• 1923 – Bob Dole, American politician

• 1923 – Lillian Ellison, American professional wrestler (d. 2007)

• 1923 – Mukesh, Indian singer (d. 1976)

• 1924 – Margaret Whiting, American singer

• 1928 – Orson Bean, American film actor

• 1929 – John Barber, British racing driver

• 1932 – Oscar De la Renta, Dominican/American fashion designer

• 1934 – Louise Fletcher, American actress

• 1935 – Tom Cartwright, Former England cricketer (d. 2007)

• 1936 – Tom Robbins, American author

• 1937 – Yasuhiro Kojima, Japanese professional wrestler (d. 1999)

• 1937 – John Price, Former England cricketer

• 1937 – Vasant Ranjane, Former Indian cricketer

• 1938 – Terence Stamp, English actor

• 1939 – Gila Almagor, Israeli actress

• 1940 – Judith Walzer Leavitt, American college professor

• 1940 – Alex Trebek, Canadian game show host

• 1941 – George Clinton, American musician

• 1941 – Ron Turcotte, Canadian jockey

• 1943 – Kay Bailey Hutchison, U.S. Senator from Texas

• 1943 – Bobby Sherman, American singer and actor

• 1944 – Estelle Bennett, American singer (Ronettes) (d. 2009)

• 1944 – Rick Davies, British musician (Supertramp)

• 1944 – Dennis Firestone, Australian racing driver

• 1944 – Sparky Lyle, American baseball player

• 1944 – Anand Satyanand, Governor-General of New Zealand

• 1946 – Danny Glover, American actor

• 1946 – Mireille Mathieu, French singer

• 1946 – Paul Schrader, American film director and screenwriter

• 1946 – Stephen M. Wolownik, Russian musician (d. 2000)

• 1946 – Johnson Toribiong, President of Palau

• 1947 – Albert Brooks, American comedian

• 1947 – Gilles Duceppe, Canadian politician

• 1947 – Don Henley, American musician (Eagles)

• 1948 – Otto Waalkes, German comedian

• 1949 – Alan Menken, American composer

• 1949 – Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Ruler of Dubai and PM of UAE

• 1949 – Lasse Virén, Finnish athlete

• 1950 – S. E. Hinton, American novelist

• 1951 – J. V. Cain, American football player (d. 1979)

• 1953 – Jimmy Bruno, American jazz guitarist

• 1953 – Sylvia Chang, Taiwanese actress

• 1954 – Pierre Lebeau, Canadian actor

• 1954 – Lonette McKee, American actress

• 1954 – Al Di Meola, American guitarist

• 1955 – Willem Dafoe, American actor

• 1957 – Dave Stieb, American baseball player

• 1958 – David Von Erich, American professional wrestler (d. 1984)

• 1958 – Tatsunori Hara, Japanese professional-baseball player and coach

• 1960 – Jon Oliva, American musician (Savatage)

• 1961 – Calvin Fish, English racing driver

• 1961 – Keith Sweat, American singer

• 1962 – Alvin Robertson, American basketball player

• 1962 – Martine St. Clair, Canadian singer

• 1963 – Emilio Butragueño, Spanish footballer

• 1963 – Rob Estes, American actor

• 1963 – Emily Saliers, American singer (Indigo Girls)

• 1964 – Rafael Addison, American basketball player

• 1964 – Adam Godley, British actor

• 1964 – John Leguizamo, Colombian actor

• 1964 – Don Van Natta, Jr., American journalist

• 1964 – David Spade, American actor and comedian

• 1965 – Patrick Labyorteaux, American actor

• 1965 – Shawn Michaels, American professional wrestler

• 1966 – Shaun Cohen, South African professional wrestler

• 1966 – Tim Brown, American football player

• 1967 – Lauren Booth, British journalist

• 1967 – Pat Badger, American musician Extreme

• 1968 – Rhys Ifans, Welsh actor

• 1969 – Despina Vandi, Greek singer

• 1970 – Jason Becker, American musician

• 1970 – Craig Baird, New Zealander racing driver

• 1970 – Sergei Zubov, Russian ice hockey player

• 1971 – Kristine Lilly, American soccer player

• 1972 – Colin Ferguson, Canadian actor

• 1972 – Seth Fisher, American comic book artist and penciller (d. 2006)

• 1972 – Keyshawn Johnson, American football player

• 1973 – Ronald Ray Howard, American murderer (d. 2005)

• 1973 – Daniel Jones, Australian musician (Savage Garden)

• 1973 – Mike Sweeney, American baseball player

• 1973 – Rufus Wainwright, Canadian singer

• 1974 – Franka Potente, German actress

• 1974 – Sonija Kwok, Hong Kong actress

• 1975 – Sam Jacobson, American basketball player

• 1977 – Gustavo Nery, Brazilian footballer

• 1978 – Dennis Rommedahl, Danish footballer

• 1978 – A. J. Cook, Canadian actress

• 1978 – Martyn Lee, English radio presenter

• 1978 – Runako Morton, West Indian cricketer

• 1979 – Lucas Luhr, German racing driver

• 1979 – Yadel Martí, Cuban baseball player

• 1979 – James Mason, British professional wrestler

• 1980 – Scott Dixon, New Zealand racing driver

• 1980 – Dirk Kuyt, Dutch footballer

• 1980 – Kate Ryan, Belgian singer

• 1980 – Tablo, Korean hip-hop musician (Epik High)

• 1982 – Nuwan Kulasekara, Sri Lankan cricketer

• 1983 – Steven Jackson, American football player

• 1983 – Arsenie Todiraş, Moldovan singer (O-Zone)

• 1983 – Sharni Vinson, Australian actress and model

• 1984 – Stewart Downing, English footballer

• 1985 – Takudzwa Ngwenya, Zimbabwean/American rugby player

• 1985 – Akira Tozawa, Japanese professional wrestler

• 1992 – Selena Gomez, American actress and singer

• 1997 – Field Cate, American actor

• 1998 – Madison Pettis, American actress

• 2002 – Prince Felix of Denmark, Danish royalty

Deaths

• 1362 – Louis of Durazzo, Italian soldier (b. 1324)

• 1387 – Franz Ackerman, Flemish statesman (b. 1330)

• 1461 – Charles VII of France (b. 1403)

• 1525 – Richard Wingfield, English diplomat

• 1540 – John Zápolya, King of Hungary

• 1619 – Lawrence of Brindisi, Italian monk (b. 1559)

• 1633 – Trijntje Keever, presumed to have been the tallest woman ever (b. 1616)

• 1645 – Gaspar de Guzmán y Pimentel, Count-Duke of Olivares, Spanish statesman (b. 1587)

• 1676 – Pope Clement X (b. 1590)

• 1726 – Hugh Drysdale, British Colonial Governor of Virginia

• 1734 – Peter King, 1st Baron King, Lord Chancellor of England

• 1789 – Joseph-François Foulon, French administrator (b. 1715)

• 1802 – Marie François Xavier Bichat, French anatomist (b. 1771)

• 1826 – Giuseppe Piazzi, Italian astronomer (b. 1746)

• 1832 – Napoleon II of France (b. 1811)

• 1852 – Auguste Marmont, French marshal (b. 1774)

• 1864 – James B. McPherson, American army general, in the Battle of Atlanta (b. 1828)

• 1869 – John A. Roebling, German-American civil engineer (Brooklyn Bridge), (b. 1806)

• 1902 – Mieczysław Halka Ledóchowski, Polish Catholic Cardinal (b. 1822)

• 1903 – Cassius Clay, American emancipationist (b. 1810)

• 1904 – Wilson Barrett, English actor (b. 1846)

• 1906 – The Rev William Snodgrass, Canadian Presbyterian minister and the sixth Principal of Queen's College, now Queen's University (b. 1827)

• 1908 – William Randal Cremer, Nobel Peace Prize laureate (b. 1828)

• 1915 – Sir Sandford Fleming, Canadian engineer and inventor (b. 1827)

• 1916 – James Whitcomb Riley, American author and poet (b. 1849)

• 1918 – Indra Lal Roy, Indian pilot (b. 1898)

• 1920 – William Kissam Vanderbilt, member of the Vanderbilt family (b. 1849)

• 1922 – Jokichi Takamine, Japanese chemist (b. 1854)

• 1932 – Errico Malatesta, Italian anarchist (b. 1853)

• 1932 – Florenz Ziegfeld, theatrical producer (b. 1867)

• 1932 – Reginald Fessenden, Canadian inventor and radio pioneer (b. 1866)

• 1934 – John Dillinger, American bank robber (b. 1903)

• 1950 – William Lyon Mackenzie King, 10th Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1874)

• 1958 – Mikhail Zoshchenko, Russian writer (b. 1895)

• 1967 – Carl Sandburg, American poet (b. 1878)

• 1968 – Giovannino Guareschi, Italian journalist (b. 1908)

• 1970 – George Johnston, Australian journalist and novelist (b. 1912)

• 1974 – Wayne Morse, U.S. Senator from Oregon (b. 1900)

• 1979 – J. V. Cain, American football player (b. 1951)

• 1979 – Sándor Kocsis, Hungarian footballer (b. 1929)

• 1988 – Duane Jones, American actor (b. 1936)

• 1989 – Martti Talvela, Finnish bass (b. 1935)

• 1990 – Manuel Puig, Argentinian writer (b. 1932)

• 1992 – Wayne McLaren, portrayed the Marlboro Man (b. 1940)

• 1995 – Harold Larwood, Former England cricketer (b. 1904)

• 1996 – Rob Collins, English musician (The Charlatans) (b. 1956)

• 1998 – Hermann Prey, German bass-baritone (b. 1929)

• 1999 – Gar Samuelson, American musician (Megadeth) (b. 1958)

• 2000 – Eric Christmas, British actor (b. 1916)

• 2000 – Carmen Martín Gaite, Spanish author (b. 1925)

• 2000 – Claude Sautet, French film director (b. 1924)

• 2001 – Indro Montanelli, Italian journalist and historian (b. 1909)

• 2003 – Qusay Hussein, son of Saddam Hussein (b. 1966)

• 2003 – Uday Hussein, son of Saddam Hussein (b. 1964)

• 2003 – Wahome Muthahi, Kenyan humourist (b. 1954)

• 2004 – Sacha Distel, French singer (b. 1933)

• 2004 – George Kidd, Canadian diplomat (b. 1917)

• 2004 – Illinois Jacquet, American jazz saxophonist (b. 1922)

• 2005 – Eugene Record American songwriter and singer (The Chi-Lites) (b. 1940)

• 2005 – Jean Charles de Menezes, Brazilian electrician killed by Scotland Yard (b. 1978)

• 2006 – José Antonio Delgado, Venezuelan mountain climber (b. 1965)

• 2006 – James E. West, mayor of Spokane, Washington (b. 1950)

• 2007 – Jarrod Cunningham New Zealand rugby player (b. 1968)

• 2007 – Mike Coolbaugh former baseball player and coach (b. 1972)

• 2007 – Ulrich Mühe, German actor (b. 1953)

• 2007 – Rollie Stiles, American baseball player (b. 1906)

• 2007 – Laszlo Kovacs, Hungarian-born cinematographer (b. 1933)

• 2008 – Estelle Getty American comedic actress (b. 1923)

• 2008 – Greg Burson American Voice Actor (b. 1949)

• 2009 – Richard M. Givan Supreme court chief justice (b. 1921)

• 2009 – Peter Krieg, German documentary filmmaker, producer and writer (b. 1947)

Holidays and observances

• Swaziland – Birthday of former King Sobhuza II

• Ratcatcher's Day, commemorates the Pied Piper of Hamelin.

• Pi Approximation Day (22/7 is approximately equal to π)

• Abd-al-Masih, saint and martyr

• Saint Mary Magdalene [Paris, Bruges]

• Saint Markella from Chios, Greece