Events

• 1174 – William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Henry II of England.

• 1558 – Battle of Gravelines: In France, Spanish forces led by Count Lamoral of Egmont defeat the French forces of Marshal Paul des Thermes at Gravelines.

• 1573 – Eighty Years' War: The Siege of Haarlem ends after seven months.

• 1643 – English Civil War: Battle of Roundway Down – In England, Henry Wilmot, 1st Earl of Rochester, commanding the Royalist forces, wins a crushing victory over the Parliamentarian Sir William Waller.

• 1787 – The Continental Congress enacts the Northwest Ordinance establishing governing rules for the Northwest Territory. It also establishes procedures for the admission of new states and limits the expansion of slavery.

• 1794 – Battle of the Vosges between French forces and those of Prussia and Austria

• 1830 – The General Assembly's Institution, now the Scottish Church College, one of the pioneering institutions that ushered the Bengal Renaissance, is founded by Alexander Duff and Raja Ram Mohan Roy, in Calcutta, India.

• 1854 – In the Battle of Guaymas, Mexico, General Jose Maria Yanez stops the French invasion led by Count Gaston de Raousset Boulbon.

• 1863 – New York Draft Riots: In New York City, opponents of conscription begin three days of rioting which will be later regarded as the worst in United States history.

• 1878 – Treaty of Berlin: The European powers redraw the map of the Balkans. Serbia, Montenegro and Romania become completely independent of the Ottoman empire.

• 1919 – The British airship R34 lands in Norfolk, England, completing the first airship return journey across the Atlantic in 182 hours of flight.

• 1923 – The Hollywood Sign is officially dedicated in the hills above Hollywood, Los Angeles. It originally reads "Hollywoodland " but the four last letters are dropped after renovation in 1949.

• 1941 – World War II: Montenegrins start popular uprising against the Axis Powers (Trinaestojulski ustanak).

• 1973 – Alexander Butterfield reveals the existence of the Nixon tapes to the special Senate committee investigating the Watergate break in.

• 1985 – The Live Aid benefit concert takes place in London and Philadelphia, as well as other venues such as Sydney and Moscow.

• 1985 – United States Vice President George H.W. Bush became the Acting President for the day when President Ronald Reagan underwent surgery to remove polyps from his colon.

Births

• 100 BC – Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic(d. 44 BC)

• 40 – Gnaeus Julius Agricola, Roman Governor of Britain (d. 93)

• 1527 – John Dee, English scientist (d. 1609)

• 1579 – Arthur Dee, English physician (d. 1651)

• 1590 – Pope Clement X (d. 1676)

• 1607 – Václav Hollar, Bohemian-born artist (d. 1677)

• 1608 – Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1657)

• 1745 – Robert Calder, British naval officer (d. 1818)

• 1770 – Alexander Balashov, Russian general (d. 1837)

• 1776 – Caroline of Baden, queen of Bavaria (d. 1841)

• 1793 – John Clare, English poet (d. 1864)

• 1798 – Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia), Tsarina of Russia (d. 1860)

• 1821 – Nathan Bedford Forrest, American Confederate cavalry officer, and founder of the original Ku Klux Klan (d. 1877)

• 1841 – Otto Wagner, Austrian architect (d. 1918)

• 1858 – Stewart Culin, American ethnographer (d. 1929)

• 1859 – Sidney Webb, British socialist (d. 1947)

• 1864 – John Jacob Astor IV, American entrepreneur (d. 1912)

• 1889 – Louise of Mountbatten, Queen of Sweden (d. 1965)

• 1894 – Isaac Babel, Soviet Jewish writer (d. 1940)

• 1895 – Sidney Blackmer, American actor (d. 1973)

• 1896 – Mordecai Ardon, Israeli painter (d. 1992)

• 1898 – Julius Schreck, member of the Nazi party (d. 1936)

• 1900 – George Lewis, American musician (d. 1969)

• 1901 – Eric Portman, English stage and film actor (d. 1969)

• 1903 – Kenneth Clark, English art historian (d. 1983)

• 1905 – Alfredo M. Santos, First four-star General of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, World War II hero (d. 1990)

• 1913 – Dave Garroway, American television host (d. 1982)

• 1913 – Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller, Danish shipping magnate

• 1918 – Alberto Ascari, Italian race car driver, and two-time F1 world champion (d. 1955)

• 1920 – Bill Towers, English footballer (d. 2000)

• 1921 – Git Gay, Swedish actress and singer (d. 2007)

• 1921 – Ernest Gold, Austrian composer (d. 1999)

• 1921 – Friedrich Peter, Austrian politician (d. 2005)

• 1922 – Ken Mosdell, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2006)

• 1922 – Anker Jørgensen, Danish Prime Minister, Democratic Socialist

• 1924 – Carlo Bergonzi, Italian singer

• 1924 – Michel Constantin, French film actor (d. 2003)

• 1927 – Simone Veil, French politician

• 1928 – Tommaso Buscetta, Sicilian mafioso and pentito (d. 2000)

• 1928 – Bob Crane, American actor (d. 1978)

• 1928 – Leroy Vinnegar, American jazz bassist

• 1929 – Sofia Muratova, Soviet gymnast (d. 2006)

• 1931 – Frank Ramsey, American basketball player

• 1932 – Hubert Reeves, Canadian astrophysicist

• 1933 – Patsy Byrne, English actress

• 1934 – Wole Soyinka, Nigerian writer, Nobel laureate

• 1934 – Aleksei Yeliseyev, Soviet cosmonaut

• 1934 – Gordon Lee, English footballer and manager

• 1935 – Jack Kemp, American football player and politician (d. 2009)

• 1936 – Albert Ayler, American musician (d. 1970)

• 1940 – Patrick Stewart, English actor

• 1941 – Robert Forster, American actor

• 1941 – Jacques Perrin, French actor and filmmaker

• 1942 – Harrison Ford, American Actor

• 1942 – Roger McGuinn, American musician (The Byrds)

• 1944 – Ernő Rubik, Hungarian inventor

• 1946 – Cheech Marin, American actor

• 1948 – Catherine Breillat, French director and screenwriter

• 1948 – Tony Kornheiser, American sports journalist

• 1948 – Daphne Maxwell Reid, American actress

• 1950 – George "Pinky" Nelson, American astronaut

• 1950 – Ma Ying-jeou, President of the Republic of China, former mayor of Taipei, former chairman of the Kuomintang (KMT)

• 1951 – Rob Bishop, American politician

• 1951 – Didi Conn, American actress

• 1953 – Mila Mulroney, wife of former Canadian prime minister Brian Mulroney

• 1954 – Sezen Aksu, Turkish singer

• 1954 – Rick Chartraw, American ice hockey player

• 1954 – Louise Mandrell, American musician

• 1954 – David Thompson, American basketball player

• 1956 – Claude Giroux, Canadian midget wrestler

• 1956 – Michael Spinks, American former boxer

• 1957 – Thierry Boutsen, Belgian racing driver

• 1957 – Cameron Crowe, American film director

• 1957 – Phil Margera, father of Bam Margera

• 1959 – Richard Leman, English field hockey player

• 1960 – Ian Hislop, English writer, editor of Private Eye

• 1961 – Stelios Manolas, Greek footballer and manager

• 1961 – Tim Watson, Australian rules footballer

• 1962 – Tom Kenny, American voice actor

• 1962 – Rhonda Vincent, American singer

• 1963 – Neal Foulds, English snooker player

• 1963 – Spud Webb, American basketball player

• 1966 – Gerald Levert, American singer (d. 2006)

• 1966 – Natalia Luis-Bassa, Venezuelan Orchestral Conductor

• 1967 – Benny Benassi, Italian disc jockey

• 1967 – Dean Barnett, American Conservative blogger (d. 2008)

• 1968 – Robert Gant, American actor

• 1968 – Christian Taylor, British screenwriter

• 1969 – Mark Greenway, British vocalist

• 1969 – Kakhi Kakhiashvili, Georgian-born Greek weightlifter

• 1969 – Oleg Serebrian, Moldovan politician and political scientist

• 1970 – Barry Pinches, English snooker player

• 1972 – Sean Waltman, American wrestler

• 1973 – Ariel Silvio Zárate, Argentine footballer

• 1974 – Deborah Cox, Canadian R&B singer

• 1974 – Jarno Trulli, Italian race car driver

• 1975 – Danni Boatwright, American model, sports caster, and Survivor contestant

• 1976 – Al Santos, American model and actor

• 1976 – Sheldon Souray, Canadian ice hockey player

• 1977 – Ashley Scott, American actress

• 1978 – Ryan Ludwick, American baseball player

• 1979 – Craig Bellamy, Welsh footballer

• 1982 – Christopher Bauman, American professional wrestler (d. 2005)

• 1982 – Joost van den Broek, Dutch keyboard player (After Forever)

• 1982 – Shin-Soo Choo, South Korean baseball player

• 1982 – Simon Clist, English footballer

• 1982 – Yadier Molina, Puerto Rican baseball player

• 1982 – Dominic Isaacs, South African footballer

• 1983 – Liu Xiang, Chinese hurdling athlete

• 1983 – Kristof Beyens, Belgian athlete

• 1985 – Guillermo Ochoa, Mexican footballer

• 1987 – Tulisa Contostavlos,British Singer('N-Dubz' Band Member)

• 1988 – Steven R. McQueen, American actor

• 1989 – Sayumi Michishige, Japanese singer (Morning Musume)

• 1990 – Matt Weinberg, American actor

• 1992 – Dylan Patton, American actor

• 1992 – Elise Matthysen, Belgian swimmer

• 1994 – Hayley Erin, American actress

• 1994 – Ridge Canipe, American actor

• 2002 – Lucy Merriam, American actress

Deaths

• 574 – Pope John III

• 939 – Pope Leo VII

• 1189 – Matilda of Saxony, daughter of Henry II of England (b. 1156)

• 1205 – Hubert Walter, Archbishop of Canterbury and Justicier of England

• 1357 – Bartolus de Saxoferrato Italian jurist (b. 1313)

• 1399 – Peter Parler, German architect (b. 1330)

• 1402 – Jianwen Emperor of China (b. 1377)

• 1551 – John Wallop, English soldier and diplomat (b. 1490)

• 1621 – Archduke Albert of Austria, Governor of the Low Countries (b. 1559)

• 1626 – Robert Sidney, 1st Earl of Leicester, English statesman (b. 1563)

• 1628 – Robert Shirley, English adventurer (b. 1581)

• 1629 – Caspar Bartholin the Elder, Swedish physician and theologian (b. 1585)

• 1645 – Tsar Michael I of Russia (b. 1596)

• 1683 – Arthur Capell, 1st Earl of Essex, English statesman (b. 1631)

• 1693 – Hendrik Trajectinus, Count of Solms, Dutch lieutenant-general (b. 1636)

• 1705 – Titus Oates, English Protestant conspirator (b. 1649)

• 1755 – Edward Braddock, British general (b. 1695)

• 1760 – Conrad Weiser, Pennsylvania's ambassador to the Native Americans (b. 1696)

• 1761 – Tokugawa Ieshige, Japanese shogun (b. 1712)

• 1762 – James Bradley, English Astronomer Royal (b. 1693)

• 1789 – Victor de Riqueti, marquis de Mirabeau, French economist (b. 1715)

• 1793 – Jean-Paul Marat, French revolutionary (b. 1743)

• 1807 – Henry Benedict Stuart, Jacobite claimant to the throne of England (b. 1725)

• 1882 – Johnny Ringo, American Gunfighter (b. 1850)

• 1889 – Robert Hamerling, Austrian poet (b. 1830)

• 1890 – John C. Frémont, American army officer, explorer and presidential candidate (b. 1813)

• 1896 – Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz, German chemist (b. 1829)

• 1921 – Gabriel Lippmann, Luxembourg scientist (b. 1845)

• 1922 – Martin Dies, Sr., American politician (b. 1870)

• 1946 – Alfred Stieglitz, American photographer (b. 1864)

• 1951 – Arnold Schoenberg, Austrian composer (b. 1874)

• 1954 – Frida Kahlo, Mexican painter (b. 1907)

• 1955 – Ruth Ellis, last woman to get the death sentence in Britain (b. 1926)

• 1960 – Joy Gresham, American writer (b. 1915)

• 1965 – Photios Kontoglou, Greek writer, painter and iconographer (b. 1895)

• 1967 – Tom Simpson, British cyclist (b. 1937)

• 1967 – Tommy Lucchese, Sicilian-American mobsters (b. 1899)

• 1973 – Willy Fritsch, German film actor (b. 1901)

• 1974 – Patrick Blackett, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1897)

• 1976 – Frederick Hawksworth, GWR Chief mechanical engineer. (b. 1884)

• 1976 – Joachim Peiper, German military leader (SS, by assassination (b. 1915)

• 1979 – Ludwig Merwart, Austrian painter and graphic artist (b. 1913)

• 1980 – Seretse Khama, first President of Botswana (b. 1921)

• 1983 – Gabrielle Roy, Canadian author (b. 1909)

• 1993 – Davey Allison, American race car driver (b. 1961)

• 1995 – Godtfred Kirk Christiansen, Danish toy manufacturer (Lego Group) (b. 1920)

• 1996 – Pandro S. Berman, American film producer (b. 1905)

• 1997 – Miguel Ángel Blanco, Spanish politician (b. 1968)

• 2002 – Yousuf Karsh, Turkish-born Armenian photographer (b. 1908)

• 2003 – Compay Segundo, Cuban musician (b. 1907)

• 2004 – Arthur Kane, American musician (b. 1949)

• 2004 – Carlos Kleiber, Austrian conductor (b. 1930)

• 2006 – Red Buttons, American comedian (b. 1919)

• 2007 – Michael Reardon, Americian free climber

• 2008 – Bronisław Geremek, Polish social historian and politician (b. 1932)

Holidays and observances

• Bahá'í Faith: Feast of Kalimát, first day of the seventh month of the Bahá'í calendar

• Parts of Japan First day of Bon Festival (date varies)

• Mongolia: Third day of Naadam

• Montenegro: Statehood Day

• Abd-al-Masih, Christian saint and martyr

• Abel of Tacla Haimonot in the Coptic Church

• Saint Anacletus, pope, martyr

• Saint Clelia Barbieri – Catholic saint

• Saint Eugenius, bishop of Carthage, and companions, confessors

• Saint Silas, apostle northern France

• Saint Teresa of the Andes, nun carmelite chilean