Henry VI (November 1165 – 28 September 1197) was
King of Germany from 1190 to 1197,
Holy Roman Emperor from 1191 to 1197 and
King of Sicily from 1194 to 1197.
Biography
Early years
Born in
Nijmegen,
Henry was the son of the emperor
Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor and
Beatrix of Burgundy, and was crowned
King of the Romans at
Bamberg in June 1169, at the age of four. After having taken the reins of the Empire from his father, who had gone on the Crusade, in 1189-1190 he suppressed a revolt by
Henry the Lion, former duke of
Saxony and
Bavaria and relative of Frederick.
Constance of Sicily was
betrothed to Henry in 1184, and they were married on 27 January 1186. Constance was the sole legitimate heir of
William II of Sicily, and, after the latter's death in November 1189, Henry had the opportunity of adding the Sicilian crown to the imperial one, as his father had died crossing the
Saleph River in
Cilicia, now part of
Turkey 10 June 1190.
Coronation as Emperor
In April 1191, in Rome, Henry and Constance were crowned Emperor and Empress by
Pope Celestine III. The crown of Sicily, however, was harder to gain, as the barons of southern Italy had chosen a grandson of
Roger II,
Tancred, count of
Lecce, as their king. Henry began his work besieging Naples, but he had to return to Germany (where
Henry the Lion had revolted again) after his army had been heavily hit by an epidemic. Constance, who stayed behind in the palace at Salerno, was betrayed by the
Salernitans, handed over to Tancred, and only released on the intervention of Celestine III, who in return recognized Tancred as King of Sicily. Henry had a stroke of fortune when
Leopold V, Duke of Austria, gave him his prisoner, king
Richard I of England, whom he kept in
Trifels Castle. Ignoring his
excommunication by Pope Celestine III for imprisoning a former
crusader, Henry managed to exact from the English a ransom of 150,000 silver marks, a huge sum for that age, and with this money, he could raise a powerful army to conquer southern Italy.
Henry was granted free passage in Northern Italy, signing with the Italian communes a
treaty in January 1194. The following April he also reached a settlement with Henry the Lion. In February Tancred died, leaving as heir a young boy,
William III. Henry met little resistance and entered
Palermo, capital city of the Kingdom of Sicily, on 20 November, and was crowned on 25 December. He is also said to have had the young William blinded and castrated, while many Sicilian nobles were burned alive. Some, however, like the Siculo-Greek
Eugene of Palermo, transitioned into the new Hohenstaufen government with ease.
At that point, Henry was the most powerful monarch in the Mediterranean and Europe, since the Kingdom of Sicily added to his personal and Imperial revenues an income without parallel in Europe. Henry felt strong enough to send home the
Pisan and
Genoese ships without giving their governments the promised concessions in Southern Italy, and even received tribute from the
Byzantine Empire. In 1194 his son,
Frederick, the future emperor and king of Sicily and Jerusalem, was born. Henry secured his position in Italy, naming his friend
Conrad of Urslingen as Duke of
Spoleto and giving the
Marche to
Markward of Anweiler.
His next aim was to
make the imperial crown hereditary. At the Diet of
Würzburg, held in April 1196, he managed to convince the majority of the princes to vote for his proposal, but in the following one at
Erfurt (October 1196) he did not achieve the same favourable result.
Death
In 1197 the tyrannical power of the foreign King in Italy spurred a revolt, especially in southern Sicily, where Arabs were the majority of the population, which his German soldiers suppressed mercilessly. In the same year Henry prepared for a
Crusade, but, on 28 September, he died of
malaria in Messina.
His son
Frederick II was to inherit both the Kingdom of Sicily and the Imperial crown.
Henry was fluent in
Latin and, according to
Alberic of Troisfontaines, was "distinguished by gifts of knowledge, wreathed in flowers of eloquence, and learned in canon and Roman law". He was a patron of poets and poetry, and he almost certainly composed the song "Kaiser Heinrich", now among the Weingarten Song Manuscripts.
According to his rank and with Imperial Eagle, regalia, and a scroll, he is the first and foremost to be portrayed in the famous
Codex Manesse, a fourteenth century manuscript showing 140 reputed poets (see
Minnesänger), and at least three poems are attributed to a young and romantically minded Henry VI. In one of those he describes a romance which makes him forget all his earthly power, and neither riches nor royal dignity can outweigh his yearning for that lady (
ê ich mich ir verzige, ich verzige mich ê der krône – before I give her up, I’d rather give up the crown).
Ancestry
Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor
See also
Sources
|- style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
Category:Roman Catholic monarchsCategory:1165 birthsCategory:1197 deathsCategory:People from NijmegenCategory:Deaths from malariaCategory:German kingsCategory:Hohenstaufen DynastyCategory:Holy Roman EmperorsCategory:Kings of BurgundyCategory:Kings of SicilyCategory:De jure uxoris kingsCategory:Burials at Palermo Cathedralca:Enric VI del Sacre Imperi Romanogermàniccs:Jindřich VI. (císař)de:Heinrich VI. (HRR)et:Heinrich VI (Saksa-Rooma keiser)el:Ερρίκος ΣΤ΄ της Αγίας Ρωμαϊκής Αυτοκρατορίαςes:Enrique VI del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánicoeo:Henriko la 6-a (Sankta Romia Imperio)eu:Henrike VI.a Erromatar-Germaniar Inperio Santukoafr:Henri VI du Saint-Empireko:하인리히 6세it:Enrico VI del Sacro Romano Imperohe:היינריך השישי, קיסר האימפריה הרומית הקדושהka:ჰაინრიხ VIla:Henricus VIlt:Imperatorius Henrikas VIhu:VI. Henrik német-római császármr:हेन्री सहावा, पवित्र रोमन सम्राटnl:Hendrik VI van het Heilige Roomse Rijkja:ハインリヒ6世 (神聖ローマ皇帝)no:Henrik VI av Det tysk-romerske rikepl:Henryk VI Hohenstaufro:Henric al VI-lea, Împărat Romanru:Генрих VI (император Священной Римской империи)scn:Arricu VI, Sacru Rumanu Mperusr:Хенрик VI, цар Светог римског царстваfi:Henrik VI (Saksa)sv:Henrik VI (tysk-romersk kejsare)th:สมเด็จพระจักรพรรดิไฮนริคที่ 6 แห่งโรมันอันศักดิ์สิทธิ์tr:VI. Heinrich (Kutsal Roma İmparatoru)zh:亨利六世 (神圣罗马帝国)
