In human genetics, Haplogroup O (M175) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup O is a close cladistic brother group with Haplogroup N, and is one of several descendants of Haplogroup K (the intermediates being Haplogroup NOP and Haplogroup NO). OriginsHaplogroup O is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup NO (M214), and is believed to have first appeared in Southeast Asia approximately 35,000 years ago. Haplogroup O shares a node in the phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosomes with Haplogroup N, which is common throughout North Eurasia. DistributionThis haplogroup appears in 80-90% of all men in East and Southeast Asia, and it is almost exclusive to that region: M175 is almost nonexistent in Western Siberia, Western Asia, Europe, and Africa and is completely absent from the Americas, although certain subclades of Haplogroup O do achieve significant frequencies among some populations of South Asia, Central Asia, and Oceania. Among the subbranches of Haplogroup O are Haplogroup O1, Haplogroup O2, and Haplogroup O3. Haplogroup O* lineages, which belong to Haplogroup O but do not display any of the later mutations that define the major subclades O1, O2, and O3, can still be detected at a low frequency among most modern populations of Central Asia and East Asia. For example, a broad survey of Y-chromosome variation among populations of central Eurasia found haplogroup O-M175*(xO1a-M119,O2a-M95,O3-M122) in 2.5% (one out of 40 individuals) of a sample of Tajiks in Samarkand, 4.5% (1/22) of Crimean Tatars in Uzbekistan, 1.5% (1/68) of Uzbeks in Surkhandarya, 1.4% (1/70) of Uzbeks in Khorezm, 12.5% (2/16) of Tajiks in Dushanbe, 1.9% (1/54) of Kazakhs in Kazakhstan, 4.9% (2/41) of Uyghurs in Kazakhstan, and 31.1% (14/45) of Koreans. However, nearly all of these Korean O*(xO1a,O2a,O3) Y-chromosomes probably belong to Haplogroup O2b, which has been found in approximately 30% of many samples of Koreans. There is also a possibility that the so-called Haplogroup O* Y-chromosomes that have been found among these populations might belong to Haplogroup O1*(xO1a-M119), Haplogroup O2*(xO2a-M95,O2b-M176), or Haplogroup O2b-M176. Found frequently in Austronesians, southern Han Chinese, and Kradai peoples. Found among the Austro-Asiatic peoples, Kradai peoples, Malays, Indonesians, and Malagasy, with a moderate distribution throughout South Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Central Asia. Haplogroup O2a1-M88Frequently found among Hani, She people, Tai peoples, Cambodians, and Vietnamese, with a moderate distribution among Qiang, Yi, Hlai, Miao, Yao, Taiwanese aborigines, and Han Chinese. Haplogroup O2a1a-PK4Found at low frequency among Pashtuns, [Firasat et al. (2007), , European Journal of Human Genetics 15, 121–126] Tharus, [Simona Fornarino, Maria Pala, Vincenza Battaglia et al., "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation," BMC Evolutionary Biology 2009, 9:154.] and tribals of Andhra Pradesh. Found frequently among Koreans, with a moderate distribution among Buryats, Beijing Chinese, Daurs, Chinese Evenks, Hezhe, Indonesians, Japanese, Manchus, Micronesians, Ryukyuans, Sibe, Thais, and Vietnamese. Haplogroup O2b1-47zFound frequently among Japanese and Ryukyuans, with a moderate distribution among Indonesians, Koreans, Manchus, Thais, and Vietnamese. Found frequently among populations of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and culturally Austronesian regions of Oceania, with a moderate distribution in Central Asia. Haplogroup O3a3c-M134Found frequently among Sino-Tibetan peoples, with a moderate distribution throughout East Asia and Southeast Asia. Haplogroup O3a3b-M7Found frequently among Hmong-Mien peoples, with a moderate distribution among Han Chinese, [Xue et al. (2006), "Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times," Genetics 172(4): 2431–2439.] Buyei, , [WEN Bo, SHI Hong, REN Ling et al., "The origin of Mosuo people as revealed by mtDNA and Y chromosome variation," Science in China Ser. C Life Sciences 2004 Vol.47 No.1 1—10.] Mosuo, , , , , [Bing Su, Li Jin, Peter Underhill et al., "Polynesian origins: Insights from the Y chromosome," PNAS, vol. 97, no. 15, 8225–8228 (July 18, 2000).] Thai, , western Indonesians, [Manfred Kayser, Ying Choi, Mannis van Oven et al., "The impact of the Austronesian expansion: evidence from mtDNA and Y-chromosome diversity in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia," Molecular Biology and Evolution 2008 25(7):1362-1374; doi:10.1093/molbev/msn078] Malaysians, , and Atayal. '' SubcladesTreeThis phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree [Karafet et al. (2008), , Genome Research, DOI: 10.1101/gr.7172008] and subsequent published research. - *O-M175 (M175, P186, P191, P196)
- ****O-M50 (M50, M103, M110)
- ***O2b-SRY465 (SRY465, P49, 022454)
- ***O3a-M324 (M324, P93, P197, P198, P199, P200)
- ******O-M113 (M113, M188, M209)
- ******O-M117 (M117, M133)
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