In human genetics, Haplogroup K (M9) is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. This haplogroup is a descendant of Haplogroup IJK. Its major descendant haplogroups are L (M20), M (P256), NO (M214) (plus NO's descendants N and O), P (M45) (plus P's descendants Q and R), S (M230), and T (M70). Haplogroups K1, K2, K3 and K4 are found only at low frequency in South Asia, the Malay Archipelago, Oceania, and Australia.

Origins

Y-DNA haplogroup K is an old lineage established approximately 40,000 years ago whose origins were probably in southwestern Asia. At present this group contains two distinct classes of subgroups: (1) major groups L to T (refer to the main tree at Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree) and (2) minor groups K* and K1 to K4 which do not have any of the SNPs defining the major groups. These groups are found at low frequencies in various parts of Africa, Eurasia, Australia and the South Pacific.

Subgroups

The subclades of Haplogroup K with their defining mutation, according to Karafet et al. (2008) (abbreviated for clarity to a maximum of five steps away from the root of Haplogroup K):
Note The 2008 paper made a number of changes compared to the previous . The former subgroups K2 and K5 were renamed Haplogroups T and S; the old subgroups K1 and K7 were re-assigned as new subgroups M2 and M3 of a redefined Haplogroup M; and the former subgroups K3, K4 and K6 were renamed to new K1, K2 and K3.

• K (M9) Typical of populations of northern Eurasia, eastern Eurasia, Melanesia, and the Americas, with a moderate distribution throughout Southwest Asia, northern Africa, and Oceania

• *K*

• *K1 (M147) Found at low frequencies in South Asia

• *K2 (P60)

• *K3 (P79) Found in Melanesia

• *K4 (P261, P263)

• *L (M11, M20, M22, M61, M185, M295) Typical of populations of Pakistan

• **L*

• **L1 (M27, M76) Typical of Indians and Sri Lankans, with a moderate distribution among Indo-Iranian populations of South Asia

• **L2 (M317) Found at low frequency in Central Asia, Southwest Asia, and Southern Europe

• ***L2*

• ***L2a (M274)

• ***L2b (M349)

• **L3 (M357) Found frequently among Burusho and Pashtuns, with a moderate distribution among the general Pakistani population

• ***L3*

• ***L3a (PK3) Found among Kalash

• *M (P256)

• **M1 (M4, M5, M106, M186, M189, P35) Typical of Papuan peoples

• ***M1*

• ***M1a (P34)

• ****M1a*

• ****M1a1 (P51)

• ***M1b (P87)

• ****M1b*

• ****M1b1 (M104 (P22)) Typical of populations of the Bismarck Archipelago and Bougainville Island

• *****M1b1*

• *****M1b1a (M16)

• *****M1b1b (M83)

• **M2 (M353, M387) Found at a low frequency in the Solomon Islands and Fiji

• ***M2*

• ***M2a (SRY9138 (M177))

• **M3 (P117) Found in Melanesia

• *NO (M214)

• **NO*

• **N (M231)

• ***N*

• ***N1 (LLY22g)

• ****N1a (M128) Found at a low frequency among Manchu, Sibe, Manchurian Evenks, Koreans, northern Han Chinese, Buyei, and some Turkic peoples of Central Asia

• ****N1b (P43) Typical of Northern Samoyedic peoples; also found at low to moderate frequency among some other Uralic peoples, Turkic peoples, Mongolic peoples, Tungusic peoples, and Siberian Yupiks

• *****N1b*

• *****N1b1 (P63)

• ****N1c (Tat (M46), P105) Typical of the Sakha and Uralic peoples, with a moderate distribution throughout North Eurasia

• *****N1c*

• *****N1c1 (M178)

• ******N1c1*

• ******N1c1a (P21)

• ******N1c1b (P67)

• ******N1c1c (P119)

• **O (M175)

• ***O*

• ***O1 (MSY2.2) Typical of Austronesians, southern Han Chinese, and Kradai peoples

• ****O1*

• ****O1a (M119)

• *****O1a*

• *****O1a1 (M101)

• *****O1a2 (M50, M103, M110)

• ***O2 (P31, M268)

• ****O2*

• ****O2a (M95) Typical of Austro-Asiatic peoples, Kradai peoples, Malays, Indonesians, and Malagasy, with a moderate distribution throughout South Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Central Asia

• *****O2a*

• *****O2a1 (M88, M111)

• *****O2a2 (M297)

• ****O2b (M176/SRY465, P49, 022454)

• *****O2b* Typical of Koreans, with a moderate distribution among populations of Indonesia, Japan, Manchuria, Micronesia, Thailand, and Vietnam

• *****O2b1 (47z) Typical of Japanese and Ryukyuans, with a moderate distribution among Indonesians, Thais, Koreans, and Vietnamese

• ***O3 (M122) Typical of populations of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and culturally Austronesian regions of Oceania, with a moderate distribution in Central Asia

• ****O3*

• ****O3a (M324, P93, P197, P198, P199, P200)

• *****O3a*

• *****O3a1 (DYS257/P27.2, M121)

• *****O3a2 (M164)

• *****O3a3 (P201/021354)

• ******O3a3*

• ******O3a3a (M159)

• ******O3a3b (M7) Typical of Hmong-Mien peoples, with a moderate distribution among Han Chinese, Buyei, Qiang, and Oroqen

• ******O3a3c (M134) Typical of Sino-Tibetan peoples, with a moderate distribution throughout East Asia and Southeast Asia

• *****O3a4 (002611)

• ******O3a4*

• ******O3a4a (P103)

• *****O3a5 (M300)

• *****O3a6 (M333)

• *P (92R7, M45, M74, (N12), P27)

• **P*

• **Q (M242)

• ***Q*

• ***Q1 (P36.2)

• ****Q1*

• ****Q1a (MEH2)

• *****Q1a*

• *****Q1a1 (M120, M265/N14) Found at low frequency among Chinese, Koreans, Dungans, and Hazara

• *****Q1a2 (M25, M143) Found at low to moderate frequency among some populations of Southwest Asia, Central Asia, and Siberia

• *****Q1a3 (M346)

• ******Q1a3* Found at low frequency in Pakistan and India

• ******Q1a3a (M3) Typical of indigenous peoples of the Americas

• *******Q1a3a*

• *******Q1a3a1 (M19) Found among some indigenous peoples of South America, such as the Ticuna and the Wayuu

• *******Q1a3a2 (M194)

• *******Q1a3a3 (M199, P106, P292)

• *****Q1a4 (P48)

• *****Q1a5 (P89)

• *****Q1a6 (M323) Found in a significant minority of Yemeni Jews

• ****Q1b (M378) Found at low frequency among samples of Hazara and Sindhis

• **R (M207 (UTY2), M306 (S1), S4, S8, S9)

• ***R*

• ***R1 (M173)

• ****R1*

• ****R1a (SRY10831.2 (SRY1532))

• *****R1a*

• *****R1a1 (M17, M198) Typical of populations of Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and South Asia, with a moderate distribution throughout Western Europe, Southwest Asia, and southern Siberia

• ****R1b (M343) Typical of populations of Western Europe, with a moderate distribution throughout Eurasia and in parts of Africa

• *****R1b*

• *****R1b1 (P25)

• ***R2 (M124) Typical of populations of South Asia, with a moderate distribution in Central Asia and the Caucasus

• *S (M230) Typical of populations of the highlands of New Guinea; also found at lower frequencies in adjacent parts of Indonesia and Melanesia

• **S*

• **S1 (M254)

• ***S1*

• ***S1a (M226)

• *T (M70, M184, M193, M272) Found in a significant minority of Somalis, Ethiopians, Fulbe, Egyptians, and Omanis; also found at low frequency throughout the Mediterranean and parts of India

• **T*

• **T1 (M320)

• **T2 (P77)

• **T3 (L131)