The Founding Fathers of the United States were the political leaders who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 or otherwise took part in the American Revolution in winning American independence from Great Britain, or who participated in framing and adopting the United States Constitution in 1787-1788, or in putting the new government under the Constitution into effect. Within the large group known as "the founding fathers," there are two key subsets, the Signers (who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776) and the Framers (who were delegates to the Federal Convention and took part in framing or drafting the proposed Constitution of the United States). Most historians define the "founding fathers" to mean a larger group, including not only the Signers and the Framers but also all those who, whether as politicians or jurists or statesmen or soldiers or diplomats or ordinary citizens, took part in winning American independence and creating the United States of America. The eminent American historian Richard B. Morris, in his 1973 book Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny: The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries, identified the following seven figures as the key founding fathers: Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton.
Warren G. Harding, then a Republican Senator from Ohio, coined the phrase "Founding Fathers" in his keynote address to the 1916 Republican National Convention. He used it several times thereafter, most prominently in his 1921 inaugural address as President of the United States.

Collective biography of the Framers of the Constitution

In the winter and spring of 1786-1787, twelve of the thirteen states chose a total of 74 delegates to attend what we now know as the Federal Convention in Philadelphia. Nineteen delegates chose not to accept election or attend the debates; for example, Patrick Henry of Virginia thought that state politics was far more interesting and important than national politics, though during the ratification controversy of 1787-1788 he claimed, "I smelled a rat." Rhode Island did not send delegates, because of its politicians' suspicions of the Convention delegates' motivations. Of the 55 who did attend at some point, no more than 38 delegates showed up at one time.

These delegates represented a cross-section of 18th century American leadership. Almost all of them were well-educated men of means who were leaders in their communities. Many were also prominent in national affairs. Virtually every one had taken part in the American Revolution; at least 29 had served in the Continental Army, most of them in positions of command. Scholars have examined the collective biography of them as well as the signers of the Declaration and the Constitution.

Political experience

The framers of the Constitution had extensive political experience. By 1787, four-fifths (41 individuals), were or had been members of the Continental Congress. Nearly all of the 55 delegates had experience in colonial and state government, and the majority had held county and local offices.

• Thomas Mifflin and Nathaniel Gorham had served as President of the Continental Congress.

• The ones who lacked congressional experience were Bassett, Blair, Brearly, Broom, Davie, Dayton, Alexander Martin, Luther Martin, Mason, McClurg, Paterson, Charles Pinckney, Strong, Washington and Yates.

• Eight men (Clymer, Franklin, Gerry, Robert Morris, Read, Sherman, Wilson, and Wythe) had signed the Declaration of Independence.

• Six (Carroll, Dickinson, Gerry, Gouverneur Morris, Robert Morris, and Sherman) had affixed their signatures to the Articles of Confederation.

• Two, Sherman and Robert Morris, underwrote all three of the nation's basic documents.

• Dickinson, Franklin, Langdon, and Rutledge had been governors.

The 1787 delegates practiced a wide range of high and middle-status occupations, and many pursued more than one career simultaneously. They did not differ dramatically from the Loyalists, except they were generally younger and less senior in their professions. Thirty-five were lawyers or had benefited from legal education, though not all of them relied on the profession for a livelihood. Some had also become judges.Brown (1976)

• At the time of the convention, 13 men were merchants: Blount, Broom, Clymer, Dayton, Fitzsimons, Shields, Gilman, Gorham, Langdon, Robert Morris, Pierce, Sherman, and Wilson.

• Six were major land speculators: Blount, Dayton, Fitzsimons, Gorham, Robert Morris, and Wilson.

• Eleven speculated in securities on a large scale: Bedford, Blair, Clymer, Dayton, Fitzsimons, Franklin, King, Langdon, Robert Morris, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, and Sherman.

• Twelve owned or managed slave-operated plantations or large farms: Bassett, Blair, Blount, Butler, Carroll, Jenifer, Jefferson, Mason, Charles Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Rutledge, Spaight, and Washington. Madison also owned slaves, as did Franklin, who later freed his slaves and was a key founder of the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society. Alexander Hamilton was opposed to slavery and, with John Jay and other anti-slavery advocates, helped to found the first African free school in New York City. Jay helped to found the New York Manumission Society and, when he was governor of New York in 1798, signed into law the state statute ending slavery as of 1821.

• Broom and Few were small farmers.

• Eight of the men received a substantial part of their income from public office: Baldwin, Blair, Brearly, Gilman, Livingston, Madison, and Rutledge.

• Three had retired from active economic endeavors: Franklin, McHenry, and Mifflin.

• Franklin and Williamson were scientists, in addition to their other activities.

• McClurg, McHenry, and Williamson were physicians, and Johnson was a college president.

Family and finances

A few of the 1787 delegates were wealthy, but many of the country's top wealth-holders were Loyalists who went to Britain. Most of the others had financial resources that ranged from good to excellent, but there are other founders who were less than wealthy. On the whole they were less wealthy than the Loyalists.

Demographics

Brown (1976) and Harris (1969) provide detailed demographic information on each man.

• Most of the 1787 delegates were natives of the Thirteen Colonies. Only 9 were born elsewhere: four (Butler, Fitzsimons, McHenry, and Paterson) in Ireland, two (Davie and Robert Morris) in England, two (Wilson and Witherspoon) in Scotland, and one (Hamilton) in the West Indies.

• Many of them had moved from one state to another. Seventeen individuals had already lived or worked in more than one state or colony: Baldwin, Bassett, Bedford, Dickinson, Few, Franklin, Ingersoll, HamiltonFirst lived and studied in New Jersey, then moved to New York to attend college, Livingston, Alexander Martieno, Luther Martin, Mercer, Gouverneur Morris, Robert Morris, Read, Sherman, and Williamson.

• Several others had studied or traveled abroad.

The Founding Fathers had strong educational backgrounds. Some, like Franklin, were largely self-taught or learned through apprenticeship. Others had obtained instruction from private tutors or at academies. About half of the men had attended or graduated from college in the colonies or Britain. Some men held medical degrees or advanced training in theology. For the most part, the delegates were a well-educated group. A few lawyers had been trained at the Inns of Court in London, but most had apprenticed to an American lawyer.

Family origins

Longevity and family life

For their era, the 1787 delegates (like the 1776 signers) were average in terms of life spans. Their average age at death was about 67. The first to die was Houston in 1788; the last was Madison in 1836.

The one who reached the oldest age was Johnson, who died at 92. John Adams lived to the age of 90. A few—Franklin, Jefferson, Madison, Williamson, and Wythe—lived into their eighties. Either 15 or 16 (depending on Fitzsimons's exact age) died in their seventies, 20 or 21 in their sixties, eight in their fifties, and five only in their forties. Three (Alexander Hamilton, Richard Dobbs Spaight and Button Gwinnett) were killed in duels.

Most of the delegates married and raised children. Sherman fathered the largest family: 15 children by two wives. At least nine (Bassett, Brearly, Johnson, Mason, Paterson, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Sherman, Wilson, and Wythe) married more than once. Four (Baldwin, Gilman, Jenifer, and Alexander Martin) were lifelong bachelors.

Religion

Lambert (2003) has examined the religious affiliations and beliefs of the Founders. Some of the 1787 delegates had no affiliation. The others were Protestants except for three Roman Catholics: C. Carroll, D. Carroll, and Fitzsimons. Among the Protestant delegates to the Constitutional Convention, 28 were Church of England (Episcopalian, after the Revolutionary War was won), eight were Presbyterians, seven were Congregationalists, two were Lutherans, two were Dutch Reformed, and two were Methodists, the total number being 49. Some of the more prominent Founding Fathers were anti-clerical or vocal about their opposition to organized religion, such as Thomas Jefferson (who created the "Jefferson Bible"), and Benjamin Franklin. However, other notable founders, such as Patrick Henry, were strong proponents of traditional religion. Several of the Founding Fathers considered themselves to be deists or held beliefs very similar to that of deists.

Post-convention careers

The 1787 delegates' subsequent careers reflected their abilities as well as the vagaries of fate. Most were successful, although seven (Fitzsimons, Gorham, Luther Martin, Mifflin, Robert Morris, Pierce, and Wilson) suffered serious financial reverses that left them in or near bankruptcy. Two, Blount and Dayton, were involved in possibly treasonous activities. Yet, as they had done before the convention, most of the group continued to render public service, particularly to the new government they had helped to create.

Legacy

According to Joseph J. Ellis, the concept of the Founding Fathers of the U.S. emerged in the 1820s as the last survivors died out. Ellis says the "the founders," or "the fathers," comprised an aggregate of semi-sacred figures whose particular accomplishments and singular achievements were decidedly less important than their sheer presence as a powerful but faceless symbol of past greatness. For the generation of national leaders coming of age in the 1820s and 1830s — men like Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and John C. Calhoun — "the founders" represented a heroic but anonymous abstraction whose long shadow fell across all followers and whose legendary accomplishments defied comparison. "We can win no laurels in a war for independence," Webster acknowledged in 1825. "Earlier and worthier hands have gathered them all. Nor are there places for us ... [as] the founders of states. Our fathers have filled them. But there remains to us a great duty of defence and preservation."

List of the Founding Fathers

Signers of the Declaration of Independence

• Abraham Clark

• Arthur Middleton

• Benjamin Franklin

• Benjamin Harrison

• Benjamin Rush

• Button Gwinnett

• Caesar Rodney

• Carter Braxton

• Charles Carroll

• Charles Thomson - Secretary of Continental Congress (only John Hancock signed and Thomson attested on July 4)

• Edward Rutledge

• Elbridge Gerry

• Francis Hopkinson

• Francis Lewis

• Francis Lightfoot Lee

• George Clymer

• George Read

• George Ross

• George Taylor

• George Walton

• George Wythe

• James Smith

• James Wilson

• John Adams

• John Hancock

• John Hart

• John Morton

• John Penn

• John Witherspoon

• Joseph Hewes

• Josiah Bartlett

• Lewis Morris

• Lyman Hall

• Matthew Thornton

• Oliver Wolcott

• Philip Livingston

• Richard Henry Lee

• Richard Stockton

• Robert Morris

• Robert Treat Paine

• Roger Sherman

• Samuel Adams

• Samuel Chase

• Samuel Huntington

• Stephen Hopkins

• Thomas Heyward, Jr.

• Thomas Jefferson

• Thomas Lynch, Jr.

• Thomas McKean

• Thomas Nelson, Jr.

• Thomas Stone

• William Ellery

• William Floyd

• William Hooper

• William Paca

• William Whipple

• William Williams

Delegates to the Constitutional Convention

Delegates who signed

• Abraham Baldwin

• Alexander Hamilton

• Benjamin Franklin

• Charles Cotesworth Pinckney

• Daniel Carroll

• Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer

• David Brearly

• George Clymer

• George Read

• George Washington (president of the Convention)

• Gouverneur Morris

• Charles Pinckney

• Gunning Bedford, Jr.

• Hugh Williamson

• Jacob Broom

• James Madison

• James McHenry

• James Wilson

• Jared Ingersoll

• John Blair

• John Dickinson

• John Langdon

• John Rutledge

• Jonathan Dayton

• Nathaniel Gorham

• Nicholas Gilman

• Pierce Butler

• Richard Bassett

• Richard Dobbs Spaight

• Robert Morris

• Roger Sherman

• Rufus King

• Thomas Fitzsimons

• Thomas Mifflin

• William Blount

• William Cotter

• William Few

• William Jackson (Secretary)

• William Livingston

• William Paterson

• William Samuel Johnson

Delegates who had left the Convention earlier and did not sign

• Alexander Martin

• Caleb Strong

• George Wythe

• James McClurg

• John Francis Mercer

• John Lansing, Jr.

• Luther Martin

• Oliver Ellsworth

• Robert Yates

• William Houston

• William Houstoun

• William Pierce

• William Richardson Davie

Delegates who refused to sign

• Edmund Randolph

• Elbridge Gerry

• George Mason

Other Founders

• Egbert Benson

• Ethan Allen

• Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, the German-Prussian General who reorganized the Continental Army and guided it to victory.

• George Clinton

• Gilbert du Motier, marquis de La Fayette French Major General, originally a volunteer, who was vital for the correspondence to and persuasion of France to support the Revolution.

• Henry Knox

• Henry Lee III

• James Monroe, Continental Congressman and fifth President of the United States, the last of the "Republican Generation"

• James Otis, Jr.

• John Jay, the first Chief Justice of the United States

• John Marshall, the fourth Chief Justice of the United States.

• Patrick Henry

• Michael Hillegas, the first Treasurer of the United States.

• Peyton Randolph, President of the First Continental Congress

• Philip Mazzei

• Richard Bland

• Robert R. Livingston

• Thomas Paine, who went on to champion the French Revolution in his Rights of Man. He was elected to the National Convention and helped to write the constitution of France.

• Thomas Sim Lee

• Dr. William Rickman, first Director of Hospitals of the Continental Army.

See also

• List of national founders (worldwide)

• List of delegates to the Continental Congress

• History of the United States Constitution

• Rights of Englishmen