Forlì (
Latin:
Forum Livii) is a
comune and city in
Emilia-Romagna, Italy, famed as the birthplace of the great painter
Melozzo da Forlì, of the
humanist historian
Flavio Biondo, of the famous
physicians
Geronimo Mercuriali and
Giovanni Battista Morgagni.
The Fascist leader
Benito Mussolini was born near Forlì as were his daughter
Edda and his son
Romano.
Forlì is the capital of the
province of Forlì-Cesena.
History
Ancient era
The surroundings of Forlì have been inhabited since the
Paleolithic: a site, Ca' Belvedere of
Monte Poggiolo, has revealed thousands of chipped flints in strata dated 800,000 years before present, which indicates a flint-knapping industry producing sharp-edged tools in a pre-
Acheulean phase of the Paleolithic .
According to legend, the city of Forlì was founded in 188 BC by the consul
Gaius Livius Salinator, who confronted
Hasdrubal Barca and vanquished him at the banks of the
Metaurus River (207 BC). The old city was destroyed in 88 BC during the civil wars of
Gaius Marius and
Sulla and rebuilt by the praetor
Livius Clodius afterwards. Presumably,
Forum Livii was a middle-sized city producing agricultural products, which reached market via the
Via Aemilia.
Middle Ages
After the collapse of the West, the city formed part of the realms of
Odoacer and of the
Ostrogoth kingdom before becoming an outlier of the Byzantine power of the
Exarchate of Ravenna.
Saint Mercurialis (San Mercuriale) (d. 406) was a bishop of the city, after whom one of its main churches is dedicated.
In the time of the
Lombards, the city was contested and was repeatedly retaken by Lombard forces, in 665, 728, 742. It was finally incorporated with the
Papal States in 757, as part of the
Donation of Pepin.
By the 9th century, but perhaps a century earlier, the comune had wrested control from its bishops and was established as one of the independent Italian city-states, the
communes that signalled the first revival of urban life in Italy. Forlì became a republic for the first time in 889.
In the medieval struggles between
Guelphs and Ghibellines, Forlì sided with the Ghibelline factions, partly as a means of preserving its independence. It supported all the
Holy Roman Emperors in their adventures in Italy. Their fiercest rivals were
Faenza and
Bologna. During these centuries, popes many times tried to resume the control of Forlì, sometimes by violence sometimes by allurements.
More essentially local competition was involved in loyalties: in 1241, during
Frederick II's struggles with
Pope Gregory IX the people of Forlì offered their loyal support to Frederick II during the capture of the rival city,
Faenza, and, as a sign of gratitude, they were granted an augmentation of the communal coat-of-arms with the
Hohenstaufen eagle, together with other privileges. With the collapse of Hohenstaufen power in 1257,
Guido I da Montefeltro the staunchest imperial lieutenant, was forced to take refuge in Forlì, the only remaining Ghibelline stronghold in Italy. He accepted the position of
capitano del popolo and gained for Forlì some notable victories: against the
Bolognesi at the
Ponte di San Procolo, on June 15, 1275; against a Guelph allied force, including
Florentine troops, at
Civitella on November 14, 1276; and at Forlì itself against a powerful French contingent sent by
Pope Martin IV, on May 15, 1282, in a battle cited by
Dante Alighieri (who was hosted in the city in 1303 by
Scarpetta Ordelaffi III). In 1282, Forlì's forces were led by Guido da Montefeltro. The famous
astrologer Guido Bonatti (advisor of
Emperor Frederick II, too) was one of his advisors.
The following year the exhausted city's Senate was forced to accede to papal power and asked Guido to take his leave. The commune soon submitted to a local
condottiere rather than accept a representative of direct papal control, and
Simone Mestaguerra had himself proclaimed
Lord of Forlì. He did not succeed in leaving the new signory peacefully to an heir, however, and Forlì passed to
Maghinardo Pagano, then to
Uguccione della Faggiuola (1297), and to others, until in 1302 the
Ordelaffi came into power.
Local factions with papal support ousted the family several times, in 1327–1329 and again in 1359–1375, and at other turns of events the bishops were expelled by the Ordelaffi. In that period, the famous musician
Ugolino da Orvieto, too, had to escape from Forlì, and went in
Ferrara. Until the Renaissance the Ordelaffi strived to maintain the possession of the city and its countryside, especially against Papal attempts to assert back their authority. Often civil wars between members of the family occurred. Sometimes they also fought as
condottieri for other states to earn themselves money to protect or embellish Forlì.
In the Middle Ages, Forlì had an important community of
Jews: they had a school in the 13th century; and, in 1418, a famous synod convoked by the Jews in Forlì, sent a deputation with costly gifts to the new pope,
Martin V, praying him to abolish the oppressive laws promulgated by
Avignon Pope Benedict XIII and to grant the Jews those privileges which had been accorded them under previous popes. The deputation succeeded in its mission.
thumb|220px|left|Porta Schiavonia.Modern age
The most renowned of the Ordelaffi was
Pino III, who held the Signiory of Forlì from 1466 to 1480. Pino was a ruthless lord; nevertheless he enriched the city with new walls and buildings and was a sponsor of the arts. When he died aged just 40, perhaps by poisoning, the situation of Forlì was weakened as factions of Ordelaffi fought one another, until
Pope Sixtus IV claimed the signory for his nephew
Gerolamo Riario. Riario was married to
Caterina Sforza, the indomitable
Lady of Forlì whose name is associated with the city's last independent history. Forlì was seized in 1488 by
Visconti and in 1499 by
Cesare Borgia, after whose death it became more directly subject to the pope than ever been before (apart from an ephemeral return of Ordelaffi in 1503-1504).
In the 16th century the most notable among Forlì's bishops was
Alexander De Franciscis, a converted Jew, who wrote Hebrew notes on
Genesis and
Exodus, with special reference to the text of the
Vulgate; and a significant theological work,
De Tempore et de Sanctis. His Jewish name was Elisha de Roma. After his baptism he entered the order of the
Dominican friars, in which he distinguished himself as an orator.
Pope Clement VIII appointed him proctor, then vicar-general, and, finally, bishop of Forlì, which office he held from 1594 to 1597. The latter part of his life he spent as a layman in Rome.
The disappearance of Forlì from wider history ended in June 1796, when the
Jacobine French troops entered the city, while
Napoleon passed through on February 7, 1797.
In the 19th century Forlì took part in the struggle for
Italian unification:
Piero Maroncelli and
Aurelio Saffi were born in Forlì.
On April 16, 1988, in Forlì,
Red Brigades killed Italian senator
Roberto Ruffilli, an advisor of
Prime Minister Ciriaco de Mita. In 1989 the second Faculty of Economics, now part of the
Forlì Branch of the University of Bologna, was named in his honour.
thumb|250px|Abbey of San Mercuriale.Main sights
- Palazzo Paolucci-Piazza (17th century)
Green areas and parks
Theatres
Gastronomy
Famous people
The most famous painter of the
comune was Melozzo da Forlì, who worked in Rome and other Italian cities during the brief years of the High Renaissance. Other famous forlivese painters were: Ansuino da Forlì, Marco Palmezzano, Francesco Menzocchi, Livio Agresti. Together, they formed the Forlì painting school. Carlo Cignani was not born in Forlì, but painted important works there.
Other famous forlivese people are:
In the period from between 1265 and 1 May 1315, Peregrino Laziosi lived in Forlì.Frazioni''Bagnolo, Barisano, Borgo Sisa, Branzolino, Carpena, Carpinello, Casemurate, Caserma, Castiglione, Ca'Ossi, Cava, Collina, Coriano, Durazzanino, Forniolo, Grisignano, Ladino, Magliano, Malmissole, Massa, Ospedaletto, Para, Pescaccia, Petrignone, Pianta, Pieve Acquedotto, Pievequinta, Poggio, Ponte Vico, Quattro, Ravaldino in Monte, Romiti, Roncadello, Ronco, Rotta, Rovere, San Giorgio, San Leonardo in Schiova, San Lorenzo in Noceto, San Martino in Strada, San Martino in Villafranca, San Tomé, San Varano, Vecchiazzano, Villa Rovere, Villa Selva,
Villafranca di Forlì, Villagrappa, Villanova.
Twin cities
