The Later Liang Dynasty (yellow) and contemporary kingdoms
(, 907–960) was an era of political upheaval in
China, between the fall of the
Tang Dynasty and the founding of the
Song Dynasty. During this period, five dynasties quickly succeeded one another in the north, and more than 12 independent states were established, mainly in the south. However, only ten are traditionally listed, hence the era's name, "Ten Kingdoms." Some historians, such as
Bo Yang, count 11, including
Yan and
Qi, but not
Northern Han, viewing it as simply a continuation of Later Han.
The Five Dynasties:
- Later Han Dynasty (947–951 or 982, depending on whether Northern Han is considered part of the dynasty)
The Ten Kingdoms:
Wu,
Wuyue,
Min,
Chu,
Southern Han,
Former Shu,
Later Shu,
Jingnan,
Southern Tang,
Northern Han.
Other regimes:
Yan,
Qi,
Chengde Jiedushi (also known as Zhao),
Yiwu Jiedushi,
Dingnan Jiedushi,
Wuping Jiedushi,
Qingyuan Jiedushi,
Yin,
Ganzhou,
Shazhou,
Liangzhou.
Background
Towards the end of the
Tang Dynasty, the imperial government granted increased powers to the
jiedushi, the regional military governors. The
Huang Chao Rebellion weakened the imperial government's authority, and by the early 10th century the jiedushi, who commanded
de facto independence, were not subject to the authority of the imperial government. Thus, the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms ensued.
The following were important jiedushi:
Half-section of the
Night Revels of Han Xizai, by
Gu Hongzhong, 10th century. A woman is seen entertaining guests with a
pipa on the right-hand side.
North China
South China
Northern China
Later Liang Dynasty
During the Liang Dynasty, the warlord
Zhu Wen held the most power in northern China. Although he was originally a member of
Huang Chao's rebel army, he took on a crucial role in suppressing the Huang Chao Rebellion. For this function, he was awarded the
Xuanwu Jiedushi title. Within a few years, he had consolidated his power by destroying neighbours and forcing the move of the imperial capital to
Luoyang (in modern
Henan province), which was within his region of influence. In 904, he executed
Emperor Zhaozong and made his 13-year-old son a subordinate ruler. Three years later, he induced the boy emperor to abdicate in his favour. He then proclaimed himself emperor, thus beginning the
Later Liang Dynasty.
Painting by Chinese artist
Li Cheng (c. 919–967)
Later Tang Dynasty
During the Tang Dynasty, rival warlords declared independence in their governing provinces — not all of whom recognized the emperor's authority.
Li Cunxu and
Liu Shouguang (劉守光) fiercely fought the regime forces to conquer northern China;
Li Cunxu succeeded. He defeated
Liu Shouguang (who had proclaimed a
Yan Empire in 911) in 915, and declared himself emperor in 923; within a few months, he brought down the Later Liang regime. Thus began the
Later Tang Dynasty — the first in a long line of
conquest dynasties. After reuniting much of northern China, Cunxu conquered
Former Shu in 925, a regime that had been set up in
Sichuan.
Later Jin Dynasty
The Later Tang Dynasty had a few years of relative calm, followed by unrest. In 934, Sichuan again asserted independence. In 936,
Shi Jingtang, a
Shatuo Turk jiedushi from
Taiyuan, was aided by the
Manchurian
Khitan Empire in a rebellion against the dynasty. In return for their aid, Shi Jingtang promised annual tribute and 16 prefectures in the Youyun area (modern northern
Hebei province and
Beijing) to the Khitans. The rebellion succeeded; Shi Jingtang became emperor in this same year.
Not long after the Jin Dynasty's founding, the Khitans regarded the emperor as a proxy ruler for
China proper. In 943, they declared war on this kingdom, and within three years seized the capital,
Kaifeng—thus marking the end of Later Jin Dynasty. But, although they had conquered vast regions of China, they were unable or unwilling to control those regions and retreated from them early in the next year.
Later Han Dynasty
Butterflies and Wisteria Flowers, by Xu Xi (886–975).
To fill the power vacuum, the
jiedushi Liu Zhiyuan entered the imperial capital in 947, and proclaimed the advent of the
Later Han Dynasty, establishing a third successive
Shatuo Turk dynasty. This was the shortest of the five dynasties; following a coup in 951, General
Guo Wei, a
Han Chinese, was enthroned, thus beginning the
Later Zhou Dynasty. However,
Liu Chong, a member of the Later Han imperial family, established a rival
Northern Han regime in
Taiyuan, and requested Khitan aid to defeat Later Han.
Later Zhou Dynasty
After the death of
Guo Wei in 951, his adopted son
Chai Rong succeeded the throne and began a policy of expansion and reunification. In 954, his army defeated combined Khitan and Northern Han forces, ending their ambition of toppling the Later Zhou dynasty. Between 956 and 958, forces of Later Zhou conquered much of
Southern Tang, the most powerful regime in southern China, which ceded all the territory north of the
Yangtze River in defeat. In 959, Chai Rong attacked the
Khitan Empire in an attempt to recover territories ceded during the Later Jin Dynasty. After many victories, he succumbed to illness.
In 960, the general
Zhao Kuangyin staged a coup and took the throne for himself, founding the
Northern Song Dynasty. This is the official end of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. During the next two decades, Zhao Kuangyin and his successor
Zhao Kuangyi defeated the other remaining regimes in
China proper, conquering
Northern Han in 979, and reunifying China completely in 982.
Northern Han
Though considered one of the ten kingdoms, the
Northern Han was based in the traditional
Shatuo Turk stronghold of
Shanxi. It was created after the last of three dynasties created by
Shatuo Turks fell to the Han-governed
Later Zhou Dynasty in 951. With the protection of the powerful
Khitan Liao empire, the Northern Han maintained nominal independence until the Song Dynasty wrested it from the Khitan in 979.
Southern China: The Ten Kingdoms
Unlike the dynasties of northern China, which succeeded one other in rapid succession, the regimes of southern China were generally concurrent, each controlling a specific geographical area. These were known as "The Ten Kingdoms".
Wu
The Kingdom of
Wu (902–937) was established in modern-day
Jiangsu,
Anhui, and
Jiangxi provinces. It was founded by
Yang Xingmi, who became a
Tang Dynasty military governor in 892. The capital was initially at Guangling (present-day
Yangzhou) and later moved to Jinling (present-day
Nanjing). The kingdom fell in 937 when it was taken from within by the founder of the
Southern Tang.
Wuyue
The Kingdom of
Wuyue was the longest-lived (907–978) and among the most powerful of the southern states.
Wuyue was known for its learning and culture. It was founded by
Qian Liu, who set up his capital at Xifu (modern-day
Hangzhou). It was based mostly in modern Zhejiang province but also held parts of southern
Jiangsu.
Qian Liu was named the Prince of Yue by the
Tang emperor in 902; the Prince of Wu was added in 904. After the fall of the
Tang Dynasty in 907, he declared himself king of
Wuyue.
Wuyue survived until the eighteenth year of the
Song Dynasty, when Qian Shu surrendered to the expanding dynasty.
Min
The Kingdom of
Min (909–945) was founded by Wang Shenzhi, who named himself the Prince of Min with its capital at Changle (present-day
Fuzhou). One of Shenzhi’s sons proclaimed the independent state of
Yin in the northeast of
Min territory. The
Southern Tang took that territory after the
Min asked for help. Despite declaring loyalty to the neighboring
Wuyue, the
Southern Tang finished its conquest of Min in 945.
Southern Han
The
Southern Han (917–971) was founded in
Guangzhou (also known as Canton) by
Liu Yan. His brother,
Liu Yin, was named regional governor by the
Tang court. The kingdom included
Guangdong and most of
Guangxi.
Chu
The
Chu (927–951) was founded by
Ma Yin with the capital at
Changsha. The kingdom held Hunan and northeastern
Guangxi. Ma was named regional military governor by the
Tang court in 896, and named himself the Prince of Chu with the fall of the
Tang Dynasty in 907. This status as the Prince of Chu was confirmed by the
Later Tang Dynasty in 927. The
Southern Tang absorbed the state in 951 and moved the royal family to its capital in
Nanjing, although Southern Tang rule of the region was temporary, as the next year former Chu military officers under the leadership of
Liu Yan seized the territory. In the waning years of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the region was ruled by
Zhou Xingfeng.
Jingnan (also known as Nanping)
The smallest of the southern states,
Jingnan (924–963), was founded by
Gao Jichang. It was based in Jiangling and held two other districts southwest of present-day
Wuhan in
Hubei. Gao was in the service of the
Later Liang Dynasty (the successor of the
Tang Dynasty in northern China). Gao’s successors claimed the title of King of Nanping after the fall of the Later Liang in 924. It was a small and weak kingdom, and thus tried to maintain good relations with each of the Five Dynasties. The kingdom fell to advancing armies of the
Song Dynasty in 963.
Former Shu
The Kingdom of
Shu (907–925) was founded after the fall of the Tang Dynasty by Wang Jian, who held his court in
Chengdu. The kingdom held most of present-day
Sichuan, western
Hubei, and parts of southern
Gansu and
Shaanxi. Wang was named military governor of western Sichuan by the
Tang court in 891. The kingdom fell when his incompetent son surrendered in the face of an advance by the
Later Tang Dynasty in 925.
Later Shu
The
Later Shu (935–965) is essentially a resurrection of the previous Shu state that had fallen a decade earlier to the
Later Tang Dynasty. Because the
Later Tang was in decline, Meng Zhixiang found the opportunity to reassert Shu’s independence. Like the
Former Shu, the capital was at Chengdu and it basically controlled the same territory as its predecessor. The kingdom was ruled well until forced to succumb to
Northern Song armies in 965.
Southern Tang
The
Southern Tang (937–975) was the successor state of
Wu as
Li Bian (Emperor Liezu) took the state over from within in 937. Expanding from the original domains of
Wu, it eventually took over Yin, Min, and Chu, holding present-day southern Anhui, southern Jiangsu, much of Jiangxi, Hunan, and eastern Hubei at its height. The kingdom became nominally subordinate to the expanding
Song Dynasty in 961 and was invaded outright in 975, when it was formally absorbed into the
Song Dynasty.
Transitions between kingdoms
Although more stable than northern China as a whole, southern China was also torn apart by warfare.
Wu quarrelled with its neighbours, a trend that continued as Wu was replaced with
Southern Tang. In the 940s
Min and
Chu underwent internal crises which Southern Tang handily took advantage of, destroying Min in 945 and Chu in 951. Remnants of Min and Chu, however, survived in the form of
Qingyuan Jiedushi and
Wuping Jiedushi for many years after. With this, Southern Tang became the undisputedly most powerful regime in southern China. However, it was unable to defeat incursions by the
Later Zhou Dynasty between 956 and 958, and ceded all of its land north of the
Yangtze River.
The
Northern Song Dynasty, established in 960, was determined to reunify China.
Jingnan and
Wuping were swept away in 963,
Later Shu in 965,
Southern Han in 971, and
Southern Tang in 975. Finally,
Wuyue and
Qingyuan gave up their land to Northern Song in 978, bringing all of southern China under the control of the central government.
List of Sovereigns
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Sovereigns in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (907–960)
Temple Names
(廟號 miào hào) | Posthumous Names
(諡號 shì hào) | Personal Names | Period of Reign | Era Names (年號 nián hào) and their according range of years |
|---|
| Five Dynasties |
| * note the naming convention: name of dynasty (e.g. 後漢) + temple name or posthumous name (e.g. 高祖), which makes 後漢高祖 |
| Later Liang Dynasty 後梁 Hòu Liáng 907–923 |
| Tài Zǔ 太祖 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhū Wēn 朱溫 | 907–912 |
Kāipíng 開平 (907–911)
Qiánhuà 乾化 (911–912)
|
| Did not exist | Mò Dì 末帝 | Zhū Zhèn 朱瑱 | 913-923 |
Qiánhuà 乾化 (913–915)
Zhēnmíng 貞明 (915–921)
Lóngdé 龍德 (921–923)
|
| Later Tang Dynasty 後唐 Hòu Táng 923–936 |
| Zhuāng Zōng 莊宗 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Lǐ Cúnxù 李存勗 | 923-926 | Tóngguāng 同光 (923-926)
|
| Míng Zōng 明宗 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Lǐ Sìyuán 李嗣源
or
Lǐ Dǎn 李亶 | 926-933 |
Tiānchéng 天成 (926-930)
Chángxīng 長興 (930-933)
|
| Did not exist | Mǐn Dì 節閔帝 | Lǐ Cónghòu 李從厚 | 933-934 | Yìngshùn 應順 (913-915)
|
| Did not exist | Mò Dì 末帝 | Lǐ Cóngkē 李從珂 | 934-936 | Qīngtài 清泰 (934-936)
|
| Later Jin Dynasty 後晉 Hòu Jìn 936-947 |
| Gāo Zǔ 高祖 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Shí Jìngtáng 石敬瑭 | 936-942 | Tiānfú 天福 (936-942)
|
| Did not exist | Chū Dì 出帝 | Shí Chóngguì 石重貴 | 942-947 |
Tiānfú 天福 (942-944)
Kāiyùn 開運 (944-947)
|
| Later Han Dynasty 後漢 Hòu Hàn 936-947 |
| Gāo Zǔ 高祖 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Liú Zhīyuǎn 劉知遠 | 947-948 |
Tiānfú 天福 (947)
Qiányòu 乾祐 (948)
|
| Did not exist | Yǐn Dì 隱帝 | Liú Chéngyòu 劉承祐 | 948-950 | Qiányòu 乾祐 (948-950)
|
| Later Zhou Dynasty 後周 Hòu Zhōu 951-960 |
| Tài Zǔ 太祖 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Guō Wēi 郭威 | 951-954 |
Guǎngshùn 廣順 (951-954)
Xiǎndé 顯德 (954)
|
| Shì Zōng 世宗 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Chái Róng 柴榮 | 954-959 | Xiǎndé 顯德 (954-959)
|
| Did not exist | Gōng Dì 恭帝 | Chái Zōngxùn 柴宗訓 | 959-960 | Xiǎndé 顯德 (959-960)
|
| Ten Kingdoms |
| note the naming convention: use the personal names unless otherwise stated |
| Wuyue Kingdom 吳越 904-978 |
| Tài Zǔ 太祖 | Wǔsù Wáng 武肅王 | Qián Liú 錢鏐 | 904-932 |
Tiānbǎo (天寶) 908-923
Bǎodà (寶大) 923-925
Bǎozhèng (寶正) 925-932
|
| Shìzōng (世宗) | Wénmù Wáng 文穆王 | Qián Yuánquàn 錢元瓘 | 932-941 | Did not exist |
| Chéngzōng 成宗 | Zhōngxiàn Wáng 忠獻王 | Qián Zuǒ 錢佐 | 941-947 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Zhōngxùn Wáng 忠遜王 | Qián Zōng 錢倧 | 947 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Zhōngyì Wáng 忠懿王 | Qián Chù 錢俶 | 947-978 | Did not exist |
| Min Kingdom 閩 909-945 including Yin Kingdom 殷 943-945 |
| Tàizǔ 太祖 | Zhōngyì Wáng 忠懿王 | Wáng Shěnzhī 王審知 | 909-925 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | Wáng Yánhàn 王延翰 | 925-926 | Did not exist
|
| Tàizōng 太宗 | Huìdì 惠帝 | Wáng Yánjūn 王延鈞 | 926-935 |
Lóngqǐ (龍啟) 933-935
Yǒnghé (永和) 935
|
| Kāngzōng (康宗) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Wáng Jìpéng 王繼鵬 | 935-939 | Tōngwén (通文) 936-939
|
| Jǐngzōng (景宗) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Wáng Yánxī 王延羲 | 939-944 | Yǒnglóng (永隆) 939-944
|
| Did not exist | Tiāndé Dì (天德帝) (as Emperor of Yin) | Wáng Yánzhèng 王延政 | 943-945 | Tiāndé (天德) 943-945
|
| Jingnan 荊南 or Nanping 南平 Kingdom 906-963 |
| Did not exist | Wǔxìn Wáng 武信王 | Gāo Jìxīng 高季興 | 909-928 | Did not exist
|
| Did not exist | Wénxiàn Wáng 文獻王 | Gāo Cónghuì 高從誨 | 928-948 | Did not exist
|
| Did not exist | Zhēnyì Wáng 貞懿王 | Gāo Bǎoróng 高寶融 | 948-960 | Did not exist
|
| Did not exist | Shìzhōng 侍中 | Gāo Bǎoxù 高寶勗 | 960-962 | Did not exist
|
| Did not exist | Did not exist | Gāo Jìchōng 高繼沖 | 962-963 | Did not exist
|
| Chu Kingdom 楚 897-951 |
| Did not exist | Wǔmù Wáng 武穆王 | Mǎ Yīn 馬殷 | 897-930 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Héngyáng Wáng 衡陽王 | Mǎ Xīshēng 馬希聲 | 930-932 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Wénzhāo Wáng 文昭王 | Mǎ Xīfàn 馬希範 | 932-947 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Fèi Wáng 廢王 | Mǎ Xīguǎng 馬希廣 | 947-950 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Gōngxiào Wáng 恭孝王 | Mǎ Xī'è 馬希萼 | 950 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | Mǎ Xīchong 馬希崇 | 950-951 | Did not exist |
| Wu Kingdom 吳 904-937 |
| Tài Zǔ 太祖 | Xiàowǔ Dì 孝武帝 | Yáng Xíngmì 楊行密 | 904-905 | Tiānyòu (天祐) 904-905
|
| Liè Zōng 烈宗 | Jǐng Dì 景帝 | Yáng Wò 楊渥 | 905-908 | Tiānyòu (天祐) 905-908
|
| Gāo Zǔ 高祖 | Xuān Dì 宣帝 | Yáng Lóngyǎn 楊隆演 | 908-921 |
Tiānyòu (天祐) 908-919
Wǔyì (武義) 919-921 |
| Did not exist | Ruì Dì 睿帝 | Yáng Pǔ 楊溥 | 921-937 |
Shùnyì (順義) 921-927
Qiánzhēn (乾貞) 927-929
Dàhé (大和) 929-935
Tiānzuò (天祚) 935-937
|
| Southern Tang Kingdom 南唐 937-975 |
| Convention for this kingdom only : Nan (Southern) Tang + posthumous names. Hòu Zhǔ was referred to as Lǐ Hòuzhǔ 李後主. |
Xiān Zhǔ 先主
or
Liè Zǔ 烈祖 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Lǐ Biàn 李昪 | 937-943 | Shēngyuán (昇元) 937-943
|
Zhōng Zhǔ 中主
or
Yuán Zōng 元宗 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Lǐ Jǐng 李璟 | 943-961 |
Bǎodà (保大) 943-958
Jiāotài (交泰) 958
Zhōngxīng (中興) 958
|
| Hòu Zhǔ 後主 | Wǔ Wáng 武王 | Lǐ Yù 李煜 | 961-975 | Did not exist
|
| Southern Han Kingdom 南漢 917-971 |
| Gāo Zǔ 高祖 | Tiān Huáng Dà Dì 天皇大帝 | Liú Yán 劉龑 | 917-925 |
Qiánhēng (乾亨) 917-925
Báilóng (白龍) 925-928
Dàyǒu (大有) 928-941
|
| Did not exist | Shāng Dì 殤帝 | Liú Fēn 劉玢 | 941-943 | Guāngtiān (光天) 941-943
|
| Zhōng Zōng 中宗 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Liú Chéng 劉晟 | 943-958 |
Yìngqián (應乾) 943
Qiánhé (乾和) 943-958
|
| Hòu Zhǔ 後主 | Did not exist | Liú Cháng 劉鋹 | 958-971 | Dàbǎo (大寶) 958-971
|
| Bei (Northern) Han Kingdom 951-979 |
| Shi Zu|世祖 shi4 zu3 | Shen Wu Di|神武帝 shen2 wu3 di4 | Liu Min 劉旻 liu3 min2 | 951-954 | Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 951-954
|
| Rui Zong|睿宗 rui4 zong1 | Xiao He Di|孝和帝 xiao4 he2 di4 | Liu Cheng Jun 劉承鈞 liu3 cheng2 jun1 | 954-970 |
Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 954-957
Tianhui (天會 tian1 hui4) 957-970
|
| Shao Zhu|少主 shao4 zhu3 | Did not exist | Liu Ji En 劉繼恩 liu3 ji4 en1 | 970 | Did not exist
|
Did not exist
| Ying Wu Di|英武帝 ying1 wu3 di4 | Liu Ji Yuan 劉繼元 liu3 ji4 yuan2 | 970-982 | Guangyun (廣運 guang3 yun4) 970-982
|
| Qian (Former) Shu Kingdom 907 - 925 |
| Gao Zu|高祖 gao1 zu3 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Wang Jian 王建 wang2 jian4 | 907-918 |
Tianfu (天復 tian1 fu4) 907
Wucheng (武成 wu3 cheng22) 908-910
Yongping (永平 yong3 ping2) 911-915
Tongzheng (通正 tong1 zheng4) 916
Tianhan (天漢 tian1 han4) 917
Guangtian (光天 guang1 tian1) 918
|
| Hou Zhu|後主 hou4 zhu3 | Did not exist | Wang Yan|王衍 wang2 yan3 | 918-925 |
Qiande (乾德 qian2 de2) 918-925
Xiankang (咸康 xian2 kang1) 925
|
| Hou (Later) Shu Kingdom 934 - 965 |
| Gao Zu|高祖 gao1 zu3 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Meng Zhixiang 孟知祥 meng4 zhi1 xiang2 | 934 | Mingde (明德 ming2 de2) 934
|
| Hou Zhu|後主 hou4 zhu3 | Did not exist | Meng Chang 孟昶 meng4 chang3 | 938-965 |
Mingde (明德 ming2 de2) 934-938
Guangzheng (廣政 guang3 zheng4) 938-965
|
Other regimes
Local independent regimes during Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period but traditionally not counted in the Ten Kingdoms
| Name of Posts | Personal Names | Period on post |
|---|
| Wuping jiedu|武平節度 (similar to thema of the Byzantine Empire) 950-963 |
| Wǔpíng jíedùshǐ|武平節度使 | Liú Yán|劉言 | 950-953 |
| Wáng Kuí|王逵 or Wáng Jìnkuí|王進逵 | 953-956 |
| Zhōu Xíngféng|周行逢 | 956-962 |
| Zhōu Bǎoquán|周保權 | 962-963 |
| Qingyuan jiedu|清源節度 (similar to thema of the Byzantine Empire) 945-978 |
| Qīngyuán jíedùshǐ|清源節度使 | Liú Cóngxiào|留從效 | 945-962 |
| Liú Shàozī|留紹鎡 | 962 |
| Zhāng Hànsī|張漢思 | 962-963 |
| Chén Hóngjìn|陳洪進 | 963-978 |
Popular culture
- The 2006 Chinese film The Banquet by director Feng Xiaogang is set in this period. However, it has no historical accuracy, nor does it claim to have any.
See also
Category:10th-century conflicts*bg:Петте династии и десетте царстваde:Fünf Dynastien und Zehn Reichees:Cinco Dinastíasfr:Période des Cinq Dynasties et des Dix Royaumesit:Cinque dinastie e dieci regniko:오대십국 시대id:Lima Dinasti dan Sepuluh Negaralt:Penkių dinastijų ir Dešimties karalysčių laikotarpisnl:Vijf Dynastieën en Tien Koninkrijkenja:五代十国時代no:De fem dynastiers og ti kongedømmers tidpl:Pięć Dynastii i Dziesięć Królestwru:Эпоха пяти династий и десяти царствfi:Viisi dynastiaasv:De fem dynastierna och De tio rikenath:ยุคห้าราชวงศ์สิบอาณาจักรvi:Ngũ Đại Thập Quốctr:Beş Hanedan On Krallıkzh:五代十国
