Events

• 211 – Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies, leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons, Caracalla and Geta.

• 960 – The coronation of Zhao Kuangyin as Emperor Taizu of Song, initiating the Song Dynasty period of China that would last more than three centuries.

• 1454 – In the Thirteen Years' War, the Secret Council of the Prussian Confederation sends a formal act of disobedience to the Grand Master.

• 1703 – In Edo (now Tokyo), 46 of the Forty-seven Ronin commit seppuku (ritual suicide) as recompense for avenging their master's death.

• 1789 – George Washington is unanimously elected as the first President of the United States by the U.S. Electoral College.

• 1792 – George Washington is unanimously elected to a second term as President of the United States by the U.S. Electoral College.

• 1794 – The French legislature abolishes slavery throughout all territories of the French Republic.

• 1801 – John Marshall is sworn in as Chief Justice of the United States.

• 1810 – The Royal Navy seizes Guadeloupe.

• 1820 – The Chilean Navy under the command of Lord Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald completes the 2 day long Capture of Valdivia with just 300 men and 2 ships.

• 1825 – The Ohio Legislature authorizes the construction of the Ohio and Erie Canal and the Miami and Erie Canal.

• 1859 – The Codex Sinaiticus is discovered in Egypt.

• 1861 – American Civil War: In Montgomery, Alabama, Delegates from six break-away U.S. states meet and form The Confederate States of America.

• 1899 – The Philippine-American War begins.

• 1932 – World War II: Japan occupies Harbin, China.

• 1936 – Radium E becomes the first radioactive element to be made synthetically.

• 1941 – World War II: The United Service Organization (USO) is created to entertain American troops.

• 1945 – World War II: The Yalta Conference begins.

• 1948 – Ceylon (later renamed Sri Lanka) becomes independent within the British Commonwealth.

• 1957 – The first nuclear-powered submarine, the , logs its 60,000th nautical mile, matching the endurance of the fictional Nautilus described in Jules Verne's novel "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea".

• 1966 – All Nippon Airways Boeing 727 jet plunges into Tokyo Bay, killing 133.

• 1967 – Lunar Orbiter program: Lunar Orbiter 3 lifts off from Cape Canaveral's Launch Complex 13 on its mission to identify possible landing sites for the Surveyor and Apollo spacecraft.

• 1969 – Yasser Arafat takes over as chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization.

• 1974 – The Symbionese Liberation Army kidnaps Patty Hearst in Berkeley, California.

• 1975 – Haicheng earthquake (magnitude 7.3 on the Richter scale) occurs in Haicheng, Liaoning, China.

• 1976 – In Guatemala and Honduras an earthquake kills more than 22,000.

• 1980 – Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini names Abolhassan Banisadr as president of Iran.

• 1992 – A Coup d'état is led by Hugo Chávez Frías, against Venezuelan President Carlos Andrés Pérez.

• 1996 – Major snowstorm paralyzes Midwestern United States, Milwaukee, Wisconsin ties all-time record low temperature at -26°F (-32.2°C)

• 1997 – En route to Lebanon, two Israeli Sikorsky CH-53 troop-transport helicopters collide in mid-air over northern Galilee, Israel killing 73.

• 1997 – After at first contesting the results, Serbian President Slobodan Milošević recognizes opposition victories in the November 1996 elections.

• 1998 – An earthquake measuring 6.1 on the Richter Scale in northeast Afghanistan kills more than 5,000.

• 1999 – Unarmed West African immigrant Amadou Diallo is shot dead by four plainclothes New York City police officers on an unrelated stake-out, inflaming race-relations in the city.

• 1999 – The New Carissa runs aground near Coos Bay, Oregon.

• 2000 – German extortionist Klaus-Peter Sabotta is jailed for life for attempted murder and extortion in connection with the sabotage of German railway lines.

• 2003 – The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is officially renamed to Serbia and Montenegro and adopts a new constitution.

• 2004 – Facebook, a mainstream online social network is founded by Mark Zuckerberg.

• 2006 – A stampede occurs in the ULTRA Stadium near Manila killing 71.

• 2008 – The London Low Emission Zone (LEZ) scheme begins to operate in the UK.

Births

• 1524 – Luis de Camões, Portuguese poet (d. 1580)

• 1575 – Pierre de Bérulle, French cardinal and statesman (d. 1629)

• 1620 – Gustaf Bonde, Swedish statesman (d. 1667)

• 1646 – Hans Erasmus Aßmann, Freiherr von Abschatz, German statesman and poet (d. 1699)

• 1677 – Johann Ludwig Bach, German composer (d. 1731)

• 1688 – Pierre de Marivaux, French writer (d. 1763)

• 1725 – Dru Drury, English entomologist (d. 1804)

• 1746 – Tadeusz Kościuszko, Polish, Belarusian-Lithuanian, and American national hero (d. 1817)

• 1778 – A. P. de Candolle, Swiss botanist (d. 1841)

• 1799 – Almeida Garrett, Portuguese writer (d. 1854)

• 1808 – Josef Kajetán Tyl, Czech playwright, author of the Czech national anthem(d. 1856)

• 1831 – Oliver Ames, 35^th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1895)

• 1846 – Nikolay Umov, Russian physicist (d. 1915)

• 1848 – Jean Aicard, French poet (d. 1921)

• 1849 – Jean Richepin, French poet (d. 1926)

• 1859 – Timofei Mikhailov, Russian revolutionary, member of Narodnaya Volya (d. 1881)

• 1871 – Friedrich Ebert, German politician, 1st Reichspräsident of the Weimar Republic (d. 1925)

• 1872 – Gotse Delchev, a great Macedonian revolutionary, (d. 1903)

• 1873 – Étienne Desmarteau, Canadian athlete (d. 1905)

• 1875 – Ludwig Prandtl, German physicist (d. 1953)

• 1877 – Eddie Cochems, Father of the Forward Pass in American football (d. 1953)

• 1881 – Fernand Léger, French painter (d. 1955)

• 1891 – Madabhushi Ananthasayanam Ayyangar, Speaker of Lok Sabha (d. 1978).

• 1892 – Andreu Nin, Catalan politician (d. 1937)

• 1892 – E. J. Pratt, Canadian poet (d. 1964)

• 1895 – Nigel Bruce, English actor (d. 1953)

• 1896 – Friedrich Glauser, German-language Swiss writer (d. 1938)

• 1896 – Friedrich Hund, German physicist (d. 1997)

• 1897 – Ludwig Erhard, 2nd Bundeskanzler of Germany (d. 1977)

• 1900 – Jacques Prévert, French poet and lyricist (d. 1977)

• 1902 – Charles Lindbergh, American pilot (d. 1974)

• 1902 – Hartley Shawcross, British lawyer and politician (d. 2003)

• 1904 – MacKinlay Kantor, American writer (d. 1977)

• 1905 – Hylda Baker, English comedy actress (d. 1986)

• 1906 – Dietrich Bonhoeffer, German theologian (d. 1945)

• 1906 – Clyde Tombaugh, American astronomer (d. 1997)

• 1908 – Julian Bell, British poet (d. 1937)

• 1912 – Ola Skjåk Bræk, Norwegian politician (d. 1999)

• 1912 – Erich Leinsdorf, Austrian conductor (d. 1993)

• 1912 – Byron Nelson, American golfer (d. 2006)

• 1912 – Louis-Albert Cardinal Vachon, archbishop of Quebec (d. 2006)

• 1913 – Rosa Parks, American civil rights activist (d. 2005)

• 1914 – Alfred Andersch, German writer (d. 1980)

• 1915 – Ray Evans, American songwriter with Jay Livingston (d. 2007)

• 1915 – William Talman, American actor (d. 1968)

• 1915 – Norman Wisdom, English actor and comedian

• 1917 – Yahya Khan, President of Pakistan (d. 1980)

• 1918 – Ida Lupino, English film actress and director (d. 1995)

• 1918 – Luigi Pareyson, Italian philosopher (d. 1991)

• 1918 – Janet Waldo, American actress

• 1918 – Porky Chedwick, American radio personality

• 1921 – Betty Friedan, American feminist (d. 2006)

• 1921 – Lotfi Asker Zadeh, American-Iranian/Russian mathematician and computer scientist and the father of fuzzy logic.

• 1922 – Pandit Bhimsen Joshi, Indian Classical Singer

• 1923 – Conrad Bain, Canadian-born actor

• 1925 – Russell Hoban, American writer

• 1929 – Jerry Adler, American actor

• 1929 – Eduard Zimmermann, German journalist, TV Presenter and Security expert (d. 2009)

• 1931 – Isabel Martínez de Perón, third wife of Argentine president Juan Perón

• 1935 – Martti Talvela, Finnish bass (d. 1989)

• 1936 – David Brenner, American comedian

• 1936 – Gary Conway, American actor

• 1937 – David Newman, American filmmaker (d. 2003)

• 1940 – George A. Romero, American director, screenwriter and producer

• 1940 – John Schuck, American actor

• 1941 – John Steel, British musician (The Animals)

• 1943 – Alberto João Jardim, Portuguese president of the regional government of Madeira

• 1943 – Ken Thompson, American computer scientist

• 1947 – Dan Quayle, 44th Vice President of the United States

• 1948 – Alice Cooper, American musician

• 1949 – Michael Beck, American actor

• 1950 – Pamela Franklin, British actress

• 1951 – Patrick Bergin, Irish actor

• 1951 – Phil Ehart, American musician (Kansas)

• 1951 – Dariush Eghbali, Iranian singer and musician

• 1951 – Stan Papi, American baseball player

• 1952 – Lisa Eichhorn, American actress

• 1952 – Jerry Shirley, drummer of rock band Humble Pie.

• 1952 – Li Yinhe, Chinese sexologist

• 1953 – Kitaro, Japanese composer

• 1955 – Mikuláš Dzurinda, Slovak Prime minister

• 1957 – Don Davis, American composer

• 1957 – Evan Wolfson, American attorney and activist

• 1958 – Tomasz Pacyński, Polish writer

• 1959 – Pamelyn Ferdin, American actress

• 1959 – Lawrence Taylor, American football player.

• 1960 – Tim Booth, British singer (James)

• 1960 – Siobhan Dowd, British/Irish author (d. 2007)

• 1960 – Jenette Goldstein, American actress

• 1960 – Jonathan Larson, American composer (d. 1996)

• 1961 – Stewart O'Nan, American author

• 1961 – Denis Savard, Canadian ice hockey player

• 1962 – Clint Black, American musician

• 1962 – Michael Riley, Canadian actor

• 1962 – Alfred Twardecki, Polish historian

• 1963 – Pirmin Zurbriggen, Swiss skier

• 1964 – Noodles, American guitarist (The Offspring)

• 1965 – Jerome Brown, American football player (d. 1992)

• 1966 – Viatcheslav Ekimov, Russian cyclist

• 1966 – Kyōko Koizumi, Japanese actress and singer

• 1967 – Sergei Grinkov, Russian figure skater (d. 1995)

• 1968 – Marko Matvere, Estonian actor

• 1969 – Duncan Coutts, Canadian bassist (Our Lady Peace)

• 1969 – Dallas Drake, ice hockey player

• 1969 – Brandy Ledford, American actress and model

• 1970 – Gabrielle Anwar, English actress

• 1971 – Rob Corddry, American actor and comedian

• 1971 – Michael A. Goorjian, American actor

• 1972 – Giovanni Silva De Oliveira, Brazilian footballer

• 1972 – Dara O'Briain, Irish comedian

• 1973 – Oscar de la Hoya, Mexican-born boxer

• 1973 – Manny Legacé, Canadian ice hockey goaltender

• 1974 – Eric Townsend, American musician and record producer

• 1974 – Urmila Matondkar, Indian actress

• 1974 – Mijntje Donners, Dutch hockey international

• 1975 – Natalie Imbruglia, Australian musician and actress

• 1975 – Konstantinos Nebegleras, Greek footballer

• 1976 – Cam'ron, American rapper

• 1977 – Gavin DeGraw, American musician

• 1977 – Mitra Hajjar, Iranian actress

• 1978 – Danna Garcia, Colombian actress

• 1979 – Andrei Arlovski, Belarussian mixed martial artist

• 1979 – Giorgio Pantano, Italian racing car driver

• 1981 – Ben Hendrickson, American baseball player

• 1981 – Jason Kapono, America professional basketball player

• 1981 – Tom Mastny, Indonesian baseball player

• 1981 – Johan Van Summeren, Belgian cyclist

• 1982 – Chris Sabin, American professional wrestler

• 1982 – Tomas Vaitkus, Lithuanian professional road racing cyclist

• 1982 – Kimberly Wyatt, American singer and dancer (Pussycat Dolls)

• 1983 – Jarrad Waite, Australian rules footballer

• 1984 – Mauricio Pinilla, Chilean footballer

• 1985 – Bug Hall, American actor

• 1986 – Mohammad Mahmudullah, Bangladeshi cricketer

• 1987 – Lucie Šafářová, Czech tennis player

• 1988 – Eoin McDowell, Irish rugby player

• 1988 – Carly Patterson, American gymnast

• 1993 – Tim McGrath (Musician), American musician

Deaths

• 211 – Septimius Severus, Emperor of Rome (b. 146)

• 708 – Pope Sisinnius

• 856 – Rabanus Maurus, Bishop of Mainz (b. c. 780)

• 869 – Saint Cyril, Greek missionary to the Slavs (b. 827)

• 1508 – Conrad Celtes, German humanist scholar (b. 1459)

• 1590 – Gioseffo Zarlino, Italian composer (b. 1517)

• 1615 – Dom Justo Takayama, Japanese warlord (b. 1552)

• 1615 – Giovanni Battista della Porta, Italian scholar, polymath and child prodigy (b. 1535)

• 1617 – Louis Elsevier, Dutch publisher (b. 1546)

• 1694 – Nataliya Kyrillovna Naryshkina, Tsaritsa of Russia (b. 1651)

• 1713 – Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury, English politician and philosopher (b. 1671)

• 1774 – Charles Marie de La Condamine, French mathematician and geographer (b. 1701)

• 1799 – Étienne-Louis Boullée, French architect (b. 1728)

• 1781 – Josef Mysliveček, Czech composer (b. 1737)

• 1894 – Adolphe Sax, Belgian instrument maker (b. 1814)

• 1912 – Franz Reichelt, Austrian Tailor/Inventor (b. 1800's)

• 1905 – Louis-Ernest Barrias, French sculptor (b. 1841)

• 1928 – Hendrik Lorentz, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize Laureate (b. 1853)

• 1933 – Archibald Sayce, English educator (b. 1846)

• 1936 – Wilhelm Gustloff, German leader of the Swiss Nazi party (b. 1895)

• 1940 – Nikolai Yezhov, Head of Soviet NKVD (b. 1895)

• 1943 – Frank Calder, the first NHL President (b. 1877)

• 1944 – Yvette Guilbert, French singer and actress (b. 1867)

• 1944 – Arsen Kotsoyev, Russian writer (b. 1872)

• 1958 – Henry Kuttner, American author (b. 1915)

• 1959 – Una O'Connor, Irish actress (b. 1880)

• 1966 – Gilbert H. Grosvenor, American president of the National Geographic Society (b. 1875)

• 1967 – Albert Orsborn, 6th General of The Salvation Army (b. 1886)

• 1968 – Neal Cassady, American writer (b. 1926)

• 1974 – Satyendra Nath Bose, Indian physicist (b. 1894)

• 1975 – Louis Jordan, American musician (b. 1908)

• 1975 – Howard Hill, American archer (b. 1899)

• 1977 – Brett Halliday, American writer (b. 1904)

• 1982 – Alex Harvey, Scottish musician (b. 1935)

• 1982 – Georg Konrad Morgen, German judge (b. 1909)

• 1983 – Karen Carpenter, American singer and drummer (The Carpenters) (b. 1950)

• 1987 – Meena Keshwar Kamal, Afghan feminist and founder of RAWA (b. 1956)

• 1987 – Liberace, American musician (b. 1919)

• 1987 – Carl Rogers, American psychologist (b. 1902)

• 1990 – Whipper Billy Watson, Canadian professional wrestler (b. 1917)

• 1992 – Lisa Fonssagrives, Swedish model (b. 1911)

• 1993 – Connie Saylor, American NASCAR racecar driver (b. 1940)

• 1994 – Fred De Bruyne, Belgian cyclist (b. 1930)

• 1995 – Godfrey Brown, British athlete and teacher (b. 1915)

• 1995 – Patricia Highsmith, American author (b. 1921)

• 2000 – Carl Albert, American politician, 54th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (b. 1908)

• 2000 – Doris Coley, American singer (Shirelles) (b. 1941)

• 2000 – Phil Tonken, American radio and television announcer (b. 1919)

• 2001 – J. J. Johnson, American jazz trombonist and composer (b. 1924)

• 2001 – Pankaj Roy, Indian cricketer (b. 1928)

• 2001 – Iannis Xenakis, Greek composer and architect (b. 1922)

• 2002 – George Nader, American film and television actor (b. 1921)

• 2002 – Prince Sigvard, Duke of Uppland (b. 1907)

• 2003 – Charlie Biddle, Canadian jazz bassist (b. 1926)

• 2003 – Benyoucef Ben Khedda, Algerian politician (b. 1920)

• 2003 – André Noyelle, Belgian cyclist (b. 1931)

• 2005 – Ossie Davis, American actor, activist (b. 1917)

• 2006 – Betty Friedan, American feminist (b. 1921)

• 2006 – Myron Waldman, American animator (b. 1908)

• 2007 – Steve Barber, American baseball pitcher (b. 1938)

• 2007 – José Carlos Bauer, Brazilian World Cup footballer (b. 1925)

• 2007 – Ilya Kormiltsev, Russian poet and translator (b. 1959)

• 2007 – Barbara McNair, American singer and actress (b. 1934)

• 2007 – Jules Olitski, Ukrainian-born American abstract painter and sculptor (b. 1922)

• 2008 – Stefan Meller, Polish foreign minister (b. 1942)

• 2009 – Lux Interior, Frontman of the garage rock band The Cramps (b. 1946)

Holidays and observances

• Ancient Latvia – Biezputras Diena observed.

• Independence Day in Sri Lanka (1948).

• Angolan Anniversary of the Outbreak of Armed Struggle against Portuguese Colonialism.

• World Cancer Day

• Across the Universe Day

• Andrew Corsini

• Saint Gilbert (d. 1189)

• Saint John de Britto

• Saint Rembert of Torhout

• Saint Veronica