The third seal of the City of Stockholm, depicting the crowned head of Eric the Saint, attested for the first time in 1376.
Coat of Arms of
Stockholm, depicting Eric the Saint of Sweden and based on the medieval seal.
(or
Erik the Lawgiver or
Erik the Saint. In Swedish he is simply known as
Erik den helige or
Sankt Erik which translates as
Erik the Holy and
Saint Erik respectively) (c. 1120 – May 18, 1160) was a
Swedish king c.1150 – 1160. No historical records of Eric have survived, and all information about him is based on later legends that were aimed at having him established as a saint.
Referring to Eric as Eric IX is a later invention. The Swedish kings
Erik XIV (1560–68) and
Charles IX (1604–1611) took their numbers after studying a highly fictitious History of Sweden. He was actually
Erik IV.
As later kings from the
House of Eric were consistently buried at
Varnhem Abbey near
Skara in
Västergötland, the family is considered to have
Geatish roots like other medieval ruling houses in Sweden. Based on the information that his possible brother Joar was a son of Jedvard (
Edward), modern sources call him also Eric Jedvardson, but this remains speculative. He was a rival king, from 1150, to
Sverker the Elder who had ascended the throne c.1130 and was murdered 1156, after which Eric was recognized in most or all provinces. Eric's reign ended when he was murdered in
Uppsala. He is said to have been murdered by Emund Ulvbane, an assassin who was hired by people working for the Sverker dynasty, in order for them to regain the control of the kingdom, or alternatively by
Magnus Henriksson, another claimant, who is said in some sources to have succeeded him briefly as king. Swedes believe a miracle occurred at Eric's death, a fountain is said to have sprung from the earth where the king's head fell after being chopped off.
Eric would later be made a
saint whose
feast day in the
Roman Catholic Church and
Evangelical Lutheran Church in America is
18 May, although he was never formally canonized by the Catholic Church. The
relic casket of Eric is on display in
Uppsala Cathedral (
Uppsala domkyrka). The casket contains bones of a male, with traces of injury to the neck. Eric is the
patron saint of
Stockholm and depicted in the city's coat of arms.
According to legends, Eric did much to consolidate Christianity in his realm and spread the faith into
Finland. In an effort to conquer and convert the Finns, he allegedly led the
First Swedish Crusade against the native Finns and persuaded an English
Bishop Henry of
Uppsala to remain in Finland to evangelize the natives, later becoming a martyr there.
Eric was responsible for codifying the laws of his kingdom, which became known as King Eric's Law (also the Code of Uppland). Additionally, he established a monastic chapter in
Old Uppsala, which had come from the Danish abbey of
Odense.
In reaction to Eric's insistence that tithes be paid to support the Church as they were elsewhere in Europe, some Swedish nobles joined forces with Magnus Henrikson, great-great-grandson of the late king
Sweyn Estridson of Denmark.
Magnus the Strong son of the Danish king
Niels of Denmark (c. 1064 – 1134) has been confused with Magnus Henrikson but he did not outlive his father. Eric was accosted near Uppsala at Ostra Aros as he was leaving church after hearing Mass on Ascension Day by the rebel Swedish nobles. He was thrown to the ground from his horse, tortured, ridiculed, then beheaded.
The king was buried in the church of Old Uppsala, which he had rebuilt around the burial mounds of his pagan predecessors. In 1167, his body was enshrined and his relics and regalia were transfered to the present cathedral of Uppsala, built on the site of Eric's martyrdom, in 1273.
In an effort to consolidate his position, Eric's son Knud encouraged the worship of his father as a martyr. Facts and fiction about his life were inseparably mixed together. The movement of Eric's relics extended the depth of his religious following. On his feast there were processions from the cathedral to Old Uppsala to petition for a good harvest.
Saint Eric is portrayed in art as a young king being murdered during Mass with the bishop Henry of Uppsala. In Uppsala Cathedral there is a series of late medieval paintings depicting Eric and Henry of Uppsala.
Archaeological evidence
According to the legend, King Erik the Saint was slain while he attended the mass at the ecclesia Sancte trinitatis – Trinity church - at Mons Domini. The current Trinity church in Uppsala was founded in the late 13th century and cannot be the church where Eric was slain. Scholars have discussed different locations of the older Trinity church, but the presence of pre-cathedral graves in the vicinity of the cathedral might suggest that the original Trinity church was located at the same spot as the cathedral. In an effort to elucidate this early history of the cathedral and Mons Domini, archaeologist
Magnus Alkarp and geophysicist
Jaana Gustafsson examined a large part of the cathedral with ground-penetrating radar (GPR). The results from this investigation confirmed the existence of an older building beneath the cathedral, in all the details corresponding with the outline of a 12th century Romanesque church, which implies that the cathedral is the site of the earlier Trinity church.
Family
Married to Kristina from the
House of Stenkil.
Children:
Footnotes
Category:Christian saints in unknown centuryCategory:Murdered royaltyCategory:Swedish monarchsCategory:Rulers of FinlandCategory:1160 deathsCategory:Swedish saintsCategory:Swedish Roman Catholic saintsCategory:Swedish Roman CatholicsCategory:Burials at Uppsala CathedralCategory:12th-century Christian saintsca:Eric el Santda:Erik den Helligede:Erik IX. (Schweden)et:Erik Pühaes:Erik el Santofr:Éric IX de Suèdeko:에리크 9세it:Erik IX di Svezialv:Ēriks Svētaisnl:Erik IX van Zwedenno:Erik den helligepl:Eryk IXpt:Érico IX da Suéciaru:Эрик IX Святойfi:Eerik Pyhäsv:Erik den heligeuk:Святий Ерікzh:埃里克九世
