Charles IV (, , ;
14 May 1316 –
29 November 1378), born Wenceslaus (
Václav), was the second king of
Bohemia from the
House of Luxembourg, and
Holy Roman Emperor.
He was the eldest son and heir of
John the Blind, who died on
26 August 1346, thus Charles inherited the
County of Luxembourg and the
Kingdom of Bohemia. On
2 September 1347 Charles was crowned as the king of Bohemia.
On
11 July 1346 Prince-electors had elected him
King of the Romans (
rex Romanorum) in opposition to
Emperor Louis IV. Charles was crowned on
26 November 1346 in
Bonn. After his opponent had died, he was re-elected in 1349 (
17 June) and crowned (
25 July) King of the Romans. In 1355 he was also crowned
King of Italy on
6 January and
Holy Roman Emperor on
5 April. With his coronation as
King of Burgundy, delayed until
4 June 1365, he became the personal ruler of all the kingdoms of the
Holy Roman Empire.
Life
Born to John and
Elisabeth of Bohemia (1292–1330) in
Prague as Wenceslaus (Václav), the name of
her father, but later chose the name Charles at his
confirmation after he went to France, at the court of his uncle,
Charles IV of France, where he remained for seven years.
Charles received French education and was literate and fluent in five languages:
Latin,
Czech,
German,
French, and
Italian. In 1331 he gained some experience of warfare in Italy with his father. From 1333 he administered the
lands of the Bohemian Crown due to his father's frequent absence and later also deteriorating eye-sight. In 1334, he was named
Margrave of Moravia, the traditional title for the heirs to the throne. Two years later he undertook the government of
Tirol on behalf of his brother
John Henry, and was soon actively concerned in a struggle for the possession of this county.
In consequence of an alliance between his father and
Pope Clement VI, the relentless enemy of the emperor
Louis IV, Charles was chosen Roman
king in opposition to Louis by some of the
prince-electors at
Rhens on 11 July 1346. As he had previously promised to be subservient to Clement he made extensive concessions to the Pope in 1347. Confirming the papacy in the possession of wide territories, he promised to annul the acts of Louis against Clement, to take no part in Italian affairs, and to defend and protect the church.
Charles IV was initially in a very weak position in Germany. Owing to the terms of his election, he was derisively referred to by some as a "priest's king" (Pfaffenkönig). Many bishops and nearly all of the Imperial cities remained loyal to Louis the Bavarian. Worse yet, Charles backed the wrong horse in the
Hundred Years' War, losing his father and many of his best knights at the
battle of Crecy in August 1346, with Charles himself escaping wounded from the field.
Civil War in Germany was prevented, however, when Louis IV died on 11 October 1347, when he suffered a stroke during a bear-hunt. In January 1349
Wittelsbach partisans attempted to secure the election of
Günther von Schwarzburg as king, but he attracted few supporters and died unnoticed and unmourned after a few months. Thereafter, Charles faced no direct threat to his claim to the Imperial throne.
Charles initially worked to secure his power base. Bohemia had remained untouched by the plague. Prague became his capital, and he rebuilt the city on the model of Paris, establishing the
New Town of Prague (
Nové Město). In 1348, he founded the
University of Prague, named after him, the first university in Central Europe. This served as a training ground for bureaucrats and lawyers. Soon Prague emerged as the intellectual and cultural center of Central Europe.
Charles, having made good use of the difficulties of his opponents, was again elected and recrowned at
Aachen on
25 July 1349, and was soon the undisputed ruler of the Empire. Gifts or promises had won the support of the Rhenish and
Swabian towns; a marriage alliance secured the friendship of the Habsburgs; and that of
Rudolf II of Bavaria, count palatine of the Rhine, was obtained when Charles, who had become a widower in 1348, married his daughter Anna.
In 1350 the king was visited at Prague by the
Roman tribune
Cola di Rienzo, who urged him to go to Italy, where the poet
Petrarch and the citizens of
Florence also implored his presence. Turning a deaf ear to these entreaties, Charles kept Cola in prison for a year, and then handed him as a prisoner to Clement at
Avignon.
Outside of Prague, Charles attempted to expand the Bohemian crown lands, using his imperial authority to acquire fiefs in
Silesia, the
Upper Palatinate, and
Franconia. The latter regions comprised "New Bohemia", a string of possessions intended to link Bohemia with the Luxemburg territories in the Rhineland. The Bohemian estates were not, however, willing to support Charles in these ventures. When Charles sought to codify Bohemian law in the Majestas Carolina of 1355 he met with sharp resistance. After that point, Charles found it expedient to scale back his efforts at centralization.
In 1354 he crossed the Alps without an army, received the
Lombard crown at
Milan on January 1355, and was crowned emperor at Rome by a cardinal in the April in the same year. His sole object appears to have been to obtain the imperial crown in peace, and in accordance with a promise previously made to Pope Clement he only remained in the city for a few hours, in spite of the expressed wishes of the Roman people. Having virtually abandoned all the imperial rights in Italy, the emperor recrossed the Alps, pursued by the scornful words of Petrarch but laden with considerable wealth. On his return Charles was occupied with the administration of the Empire, then just recovering from the
Black Death, and in 1356 he promulgated the famous
Golden Bull to regulate the election of the king. Having given Moravia to one brother, John Henry, and erected the county of Luxemburg into a duchy for another,
Wenceslaus, he was unremitting in his efforts to secure other territories as compensation and to strengthen the Bohemian monarchy. To this end he purchased part of the upper Palatinate of the Rhine in 1353, and in 1367 annexed
Lower Lusatia to Bohemia and bought numerous estates in various parts of Germany. On the death in 1363 of
Meinhard, duke of Upper Bavaria and count of Tirol, Upper Bavaria was claimed by the sons of the emperor Louis IV, and Tirol by
Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria. Both claims were admitted by Charles on the understanding that if these families died out both territories should pass to the house of Luxemburg. About the same time he was promised the succession to the
Margravate of Brandenburg, which he actually obtained for his son Wenceslaus in 1373. He also gained a considerable portion of Silesian territory, partly by inheritance through his third wife,
Anna von Schweidnitz, daughter of
Henry II, Duke of Świdnica. In 1365 Charles visited
Pope Urban V at Avignon and undertook to escort him to Rome; and on the same occasion was crowned king of Burgundy at
Arles.
His second journey to Italy took place in 1368, when he had a meeting with
Pope Urban VI at
Viterbo, was besieged in his palace at
Siena, and left the country before the end of the year 1369. During his later years the emperor took little part in German affairs beyond securing the election of his son Wenceslaus as king of the Romans in 1376, and negotiating a peace between the Swabian league and some nobles in 1378. After dividing his lands between his three sons, he died in November 1378 at
Prague, where he was buried, and where a statue was erected to his memory in 1848.
Charles IV suffered of
gout (metabolic arthritis), a painful disease quite common in that time.
Evaluation and legacy
His reign was characterised by a transformation in the nature of the Empire and is remembered as the golden age of Bohemia. He promulgated the
Golden Bull of 1356 whereby the succession to the imperial title was laid down, which held for the next four centuries.
He also organized the states of the empire into peace-keeping confederations. In these, the Imperial cities figured prominently. The Swabian Landfriede confederation of 1370 was made up almost entirely of
Imperial Cities. At the same time, the leagues were organized and led by the crown and its agents. As with the electors, the cities which served in these leagues were given privileges to aid them in their efforts to keep the peace.
He assured his dominance over the eastern borders of the Empire through succession treaties with the
Habsburgs and the purchase of Brandenburg. He also claimed imperial lordship over the crusader states of
Prussia and
Livonia.
Patronage of culture and the arts
He made Prague the imperial capital, refusing even at the insistence of Petrarch to move to Rome, and he was a great builder in that city, which bears his name in so many spots:
Charles University,
Charles Bridge, and
Charles Square.
Prague Castle and much of the
cathedral of Saint Vitus, by
Peter Parler, were completed under his patronage. Finally, it is from the reign of Charles that dates the first flowering of manuscript painting in Prague. In the present
Czech Republic, he is still regarded as
Pater Patriae (
father of the country or
otec vlasti), a title first coined by
Adalbertus Ranconis de Ericinio at his funeral.
Charles IV also had strong ties to
Nuremberg, staying within its city walls 52 times and thereby strengthening its reputation amongst German cities. Charles was the patron of the
Nuremberg Frauenkirche, built between 1352 and 1362 (the architect was likely
Peter Parler), where the imperial court worshiped during its stays in Nuremberg.
Charles's imperial policy was focused on the dynastic sphere and abandoned the lofty ideal of the Empire as a universal monarchy of Christendom. In 1353, he granted Luxembourg to his nephew
Jobst. He concentrated his energies chiefly on the economic and intellectual development of Bohemia, where he founded the university in 1348 and encouraged the
early humanists. Indeed, he corresponded with Petrarch, whom he invited to visit his residence in Prague, but the great Italian hoped — to no avail — to see Charles move his residence to Rome and reawaken tradition of the
Roman Empire.
Charles's sister
Bona, married the eldest son of
Philip VI of France, the future
John II of France, in 1335. Thus, Charles was the maternal uncle of
Charles V of France, who solicited his relative's advice at
Metz in 1356 during the
Parisian Revolt. This family connection was celebrated publicly when Charles IV made a solemn visit to his nephew in 1378, just months before his death. A detailed account of the occasion, enriched by many splendid miniatures, can be found in Charles V's copy of the
Grandes Chroniques de France.
Genealogy
Family and children
Charles and his first wife Blanche
Charles was married four times. His first wife was
Blanche, (1316–48), daughter of
Charles,
Count of Valois, a half-sister of
Philip VI of France. They had two daughters:
He secondly married
Anna of Bavaria, (1329–53), daughter of the Count Palatine
Rudolph II and they had one son,
His third wife was
Anna von Schweidnitz, (1339–62), daughter of
Henry II, Duke of Świdnica and
Katharina of Anjou (daughter of
Charles I Robert, King of Hungary), by whom he had three children,
- Wenceslaus (1361–1419), Charles's successor as Emperor and king of Bohemia, and
His fourth wife was
Elizabeth of Pomerania, (1345 or 1347–1393), daughter of Duke
Bogislaw V, Duke of Pomerania and
Elisabeth, daughter of
Casimir III of Poland. They had six children:
- Sigismund (1368–1437), emperor, king of Hungary and Bohemia and margrave of Brandenburg.
Named after Charles IV
Several places have been named after Charles:
Ancestors
Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor
See also
