The
Battle of the Golden Spurs (Dutch:
, French:
, or
Battle of Courtrai) was fought on
July 11,
1302, near
Kortrijk in
Flanders. The date of the battle is the official celebration day of the
Flemish community in
Belgium.
Background
The reason for the battle was a French attempt to subdue the county of
Flanders, which was formally part of the French kingdom and added to the
crown lands in 1297, but resisted centralist French policies. In 1300, the French king
Philip IV appointed
Jacques de Châtillon as governor of Flanders and took the Count of Flanders,
Guy of Dampierre, hostage. This instigated considerable unrest among the influential Flemish urban
guilds.
After being exiled from their homes by French troops, the citizens of
Bruges went back to their own city and
murdered every Frenchman they could find there on May 18, 1302, known as the
Brugse Metten. According to legend, they identified the French by asking them to pronounce a Dutch phrase,
(shield and friend), and everyone who had a problem pronouncing this
shibboleth was killed.
[Although the website says that the sound in schild that makes it difficult for French-speakers to pronounce had not yet developed in the 14th century, the phrase "" is referenced in primary sources such as the Chronique of Gilles Li Muisis as distinguishing French from Flemish. It is also suggested that "" (shield and friend) is a wrong interpretation/translation of meaning "friend of the guilds"]Forces
The French king could not let this go unpunished, so he sent a powerful force, led by Count
Robert II of Artois. The Flemish response consisted of two groups; one group which consisted of 3,000 men from the city militia of
Bruges, was led by
William of Jülich, grandson of Count Guy, and
Pieter de Coninck, one of the leaders of the uprising in Bruges. The other group, which consisted of about 2,500 men from the suburbs of Bruges and the coastal areas, was headed by
Guy of Namur, son of Count Guy, with the two sons of Guy of Dampierre; the two groups met near
Kortrijk. From the East came another 2,500 men, led by
Jan Borluut from
Ghent, and yet another 1,000 men from
Ypres, led by
Jan van Renesse from
Zeeland.
The Flemish were primarily town militia who were well equipped, with such weapons as the
Goedendag and a long spear known as the
Geldon. They were also well organized; the urban militias of the time prided themselves on their regular training and preparation, which allowed them to use the Geldon effectively. They numbered about 9,000, including 400 nobles. The biggest difference from the French and other feudal armies was that the Flemish force consisted solely of
infantry, with only the leaders mounted, more to express their leadership as for actual combat.
The French were by contrast a classic feudal army made up of a core of 2,500 noble
cavalry, including knights and squires. They were supported by 1,000
crossbowmen, 1,000
spearmen and up to 3,500 other light infantry, totaling around 8,000.
Contemporary military theory valued each knight as equal to roughly ten infantry.
The Battle
After the Flemish unsuccessfully tried to take
Kortrijk on
July 9 and
July 10, the two forces clashed on
11 July in an open field near the city.
The layout of the field, crossed by numerous ditches and streams, made it difficult for the French
cavalry to charge the Flemish lines. They sent servants to place wood in the streams but did not wait for this to be done. The large French infantry force led the initial attack, which went well, but French commander Count
Robert II of Artois recalled them so that the noble cavalry could claim the victory. Hindered by their own
infantry and the tactically sound position of the Flemish militia, the French
cavalry were an easy target for the heavily-armed Flemish. When they realized the battle was lost, the surviving French fled, only to be pursued over by the Flemish.
Prior to the battle, the Flemish militia had either been ordered to take no prisoners or did not care for the military custom of asking for a ransom for captured knights or nobles;
modern theory is that there was a clear order that forbade them to take prisoners as long as the battle was as yet undecided (this was to avoid the possibility of their ranks being broken when the Flemish infantry brought their hostages behind the Flemish lines).
Robert of Artois was surrounded and killed on the field.
Aftermath
The large numbers of golden
spurs that were collected from the French knights gave the battle its name
; at least a thousand noble cavaliers were killed, some contemporary accounts placing the total casualties at over ten thousand dead and wounded. The French spurs were hung in the Church of Our Lady in Kortrijk to commemorate the victory, and were taken back by the French eighty years later after the
Battle of Westrozebeke.
Some of the notable casualties:
Historical consequences
The battle was one in a string during the 14th century (started as early as 1297 by the battle of
Stirling Bridge) that showed that knights could be defeated by disciplined and well-equipped infantry (one other example is the
Battle of Sempach in
1386). The Scots then applied this idea of attacking infantry and brought it to the battlefield at
Bannockburn, where the Scottish
schiltron charged English cavalry and routed them. It is also a landmark in the development of Flemish political independence and the day is remembered every year in Flanders as the
Flemish Community's
official holiday.
The battle was romanticised in 1838 by Flemish writer
Hendrik Conscience in his book
The Lion of Flanders (Dutch: "
"). Another unusual feature of this battle is that it is often cited as one of the few successful uprisings of peasants and townsmen, given that at the time most peasant uprisings in Europe were quelled.
Barbara Tuchman describes this as a peasant uprising in
A Distant Mirror. Though the winning army was well armed, the initial uprising was nonetheless a folk uprising. Eventually, however, the Flemish nobles did take their part in the battle—each of the Flemish leaders were of the nobility or descended from nobility, and some 400 of noble blood did fight on the Flemish side.
The outcome of the battle - the fact that a large cavalry force, thought invincible, had been annihilated by a relatively modest but well-armed and tactically intelligent infantry - was a shock to the military leaders of Europe. It contributed to the end of the perceived supremacy of cavalry and led to a deep re-thinking of military strategies.
