The naval Battle of Leghorn (the Dutch call the encounter by the Italian name Livorno) took place on 14 March (4 March Old Style) 1653, during the First Anglo-Dutch War, near Leghorn (Livorno), Italy. It was a victory of a Dutch fleet under Commodore Johan van Galen over an English squadron under Captain Henry Appleton. Afterward an English fleet under Captain Richard Badiley, which Appleton had been trying to reach, came up but was outnumbered and fled.

In 1652 the government of the Commonwealth of England, mistakenly believing that the Dutch had been defeated at the Battle of the Kentish Knock, split their fleet between the Mediterranean and home waters. This division of forces led to a defeat at the Battle of Dungeness in December 1652, and by early 1653 the situation in the Mediterranean was critical too. Appleton's squadron of six ships was trapped in Leghorn by a blockading Dutch fleet of 16 ships, while Richard Badiley's of eight was at Elba.

The only hope for the English was to combine their forces, but Appleton sailed too soon and engaged with the Dutch before Badiley could come up to help. Three of his ships were captured and two destroyed and only Mary, sailing faster than the Dutch ships, escaped to join Badiley. Badiley engaged the Dutch, but was heavily outnumbered and retreated.

The battle gave the Dutch command of the Mediterranean, placing the English trade with the Levant at their mercy, but Van Galen was mortally wounded, dying on 23 March.

One of the Dutch captains at the battle was son of Lieutenant-Admiral Maarten Tromp, Cornelis Tromp, who was to become a famous admiral himself.

Ships involved

Netherlands (Johan van Galen)

Vereenigde Provincien/Zeven Provincien (United Provinces/Seven Provinces) 40 (flag)
Eendracht (Concord) 40 (Jacob de Boer)
Maan (Moon) 40 (Cornelis Tromp)
Ter Goes 40
Zon (Sun) 40
Zutphen 36
Maagd van Enkhuysen (Maiden of Enkhuysen) 34
Jonge Prins (Young Prince) 28
Julius Caesar 28 (hired merchantman)
Witte Olifant (White Elephant) 28 (hired Italian merchantman Elefante Bianco; captain Sijbrant Janszoon Mol)
Madonna della Vigna 28 (hired merchantman) - Ran aground north of Livorno harbor
Susanna 28 (hired merchantman)
Zwarte Arend (Black Eagle) 28
Salomons Oordeel 28 (hired merchantman)
Roode Haes (Red Hare) 28 (hired merchantman)
Ster (Star) 28 (hired merchantman)

England

Henry Appleton's squadronBonaventure 44 (Stephen Lyne) - Blown up by Vereenigde ProvincienLeopard 48 (flag) - Captured (by Eendracht?)
Sam(p)son 40 (hired merchantman, Edmund Seaman) - Burnt by fireship
Mary 30 (hired merchantman, Benjamin Fisher)
Peregrine 30 (hired merchantman, John Wood) - Captured by Zwarte ArendLevant Merchant 28/30? (hired merchantman, Stephen Marsh) - Captured by Maagd van EnkhuysenRichard Badiley's fleetParagon 52 (flag)
Phoenix 36 (Owen Cox)
Elizabeth 36 (Jonas Reeves)
Constant Warwick 32 (Upshott)
Mary Rose 32 (hired merchantman, John Turtley)
Lewis 30 (hired merchantman, William Elle)
William and Thomas 30 (hired merchantman, John Godolphin)
Thomas Bonaventure 28 (hired merchantman, George Hughes)
? (fireship, Peter Whyting)

The fireship is listed as Charity in Mariner's Mirror vol. 49, but according to Mariner's Mirror vol. 24 that ship was expended during an action off Plymouth on 27 August 1652.