Events

• 8 – Roman Empire general Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus.

• 435 – Deposed Patriarch of Constantinople Nestorius, considered the originator of Nestorianism, is exiled by Byzantine Emperor Theodosius II to a monastery in Egypt.

• 881 – Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu: Louis III of France defeats the Vikings, an event celebrated in the poem Ludwigslied

• 1492 – Christopher Columbus sets sail from Palos de la Frontera, Spain.

• 1492 – The Jews of Spain are expelled by the Catholic Monarchs.

• 1527 – First known letter is sent from North America by John Rut while at St. John's, Newfoundland.

• 1645 – Thirty Years' War: Second Battle of Nördlingen (Battle of Allerheim).

• 1678 – Robert LaSalle builds the Le Griffon, the first known ship built on the Great Lakes.

• 1783 – Mount Asama erupts in Japan, killing 35,000 people.

• 1811 – First ascent of Jungfrau, third highest summit in the Bernese Alps.

• 1852 – First Boat Race between Yale and Harvard, the first American intercollegiate athletic event. Harvard won.

• 1860 – The Second Maori War begins in New Zealand.

• 1900 – The Firestone Tire & Rubber Company is founded.

• 1913 – Wheatland Hop Riot.

• 1914 – World War I: Germany declares war against France.

• 1916 – World War I: Battle of Romani – Allied forces, under the command of Archibald Murray, defeat an attacking Ottoman army, under the command of Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein, securing the Suez Canal, and beginning the Ottoman retreat from the Sinai.

• 1923 – Calvin Coolidge is sworn in as the 30th President of the United States in the early morning following the death of Warren G. Harding the previous day.

• 1934 – Adolf Hitler becomes the supreme leader of Germany by joining the offices of President and Chancellor into Führer.

• 1936 – Jesse Owens wins the 100 meter dash, defeating Ralph Metcalfe, at the Berlin Olympics.

• 1940 – World War II: Forces of Italy begin the invasion of British Somaliland.

• 1948 – Whittaker Chambers accuses Alger Hiss of being a communist and a spy for the Soviet Union.

• 1949 – The National Basketball Association is founded in the United States.

• 1958 – The nuclear submarine travels beneath the Arctic ice cap.

• 1960 – Niger gains independence from France.

• 1972 – The United States Senate ratifies the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.

• 1975 – A privately chartered Boeing 707 crashes into the mountainside near Agadir, Morocco killing 188.

• 1977 – The United States Senate hearing on MKULTRA.

• 1981 – Senegalese opposition parties, under the leadership of Mamadou Dia, launch the Antiimperialist Action Front-Suxxali Reew Mi.

• 1997 – Oued El-Had and Mezouara massacre in Algeria; 40-76 villagers killed.

• 2001 – The Real IRA detonates a car bomb in Ealing, London, U.K injuring seven people.

• 2004 – The pedestal of the Statue of Liberty reopens after being closed since the September 11 attacks.

• 2005 – President Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya of Mauritania is overthrown in a military coup while attending the funeral of King Fahd in Saudi Arabia.

Births

• 1509 – Étienne Dolet, French scholar (d. 1546)

• 1692 – John Henley, English clergyman (d. 1759)

• 1770 – King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia (d. 1840)

• 1801 – Joseph Paxton, English gardener (d. 1865)

• 1808 – Hamilton Fish, American politician (d. 1893)

• 1811 – Elisha Graves Otis, American inventor (d. 1861)

• 1817 – Archduke Albert, Austrian general (d. 1895)

• 1832 – Ivan Zajc, Croatian composer (d. 1914)

• 1850 – Reginald Heber Roe, 2nd Headmaster of Brisbane Grammar School (d. 1926)

• 1855 – Joe Hunter, Former Australian cricketer (d. 1891)

• 1856 – Alfred Deakin, 2nd Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1919)

• 1860 – W. K. Dickson, Scottish inventor (d. 1935)

• 1867 – Stanley Baldwin, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1947)

• 1872 – King Haakon VII of Norway (d. 1957)

• 1887 – Rupert Brooke, English poet (d. 1915)

• 1894 – Harry Heilmann, American baseball player (d. 1951)

• 1895 – Neva Morris, American supercentenarian

• 1895 – Marguerite Nichols, American actress (d. 1941)

• 1899 – Louis Chiron, Monegasque race car driver (d. 1979)

• 1900 – Ernie Pyle, American war correspondent (d. 1945)

• 1900 – John T. Scopes, American defendant (d. 1970)

• 1901 – Stefan Cardinal Wyszyński, Polish Catholic prelate (d. 1981)

• 1902 – Regina Jonas, German rabbi (d. 1944)

• 1903 – Habib Bourguiba, Tunisian politician (d. 2000)

• 1904 – Clifford D. Simak, American author (d. 1988)

• 1905 – Dolores del Río, Mexican actress (d. 1983)

• 1905 – Franz Cardinal König, Austrian Catholic archbishop (d. 2004)

• 1911 – Alex McCrindle, Scottish actor (d. 1990)

• 1913 – Mel Tolkin, Ukrainian television comedy writer (d. 2007)

• 1915 – Frank Arthur Calder, Canadian politician and Nisga'a statesman (d. 2006)

• 1915 – Pete Newell, American basketball coach (d. 2008)

• 1916 – Shakeel Badayuni, Indian poet and lyricist (d. 1970)

• 1916 – José Manuel Moreno, Argentine footballer (d. 1978)

• 1917 – Les Elgart, American jazz trumpeter and bandleader (d. 1995)

• 1918 – Sidney Gottlieb, American CIA official (d. 1999)

• 1918 – Larry Haines, American actor (d. 2008)

• 1920 – P. D. James, English novelist

• 1920 – Charlie Shavers, American trumpet player (d. 1971)

• 1920 – Elmar Tampõld, Estonian/Canadian architect

• 1921 – Marilyn Maxwell, American actress (d. 1972)

• 1921 – Hayden Carruth, American poet and literary critic (d. 2008)

• 1923 – Shenouda III of Alexandria, Pope of Coptic Christianity

• 1924 – Leon Uris, American novelist (d. 2003)

• 1925 – Marv Levy, American football coach

• 1926 – Tony Bennett, American singer

• 1926 – Anthony Sampson, British journalist (d. 2004)

• 1927 – Gordon Scott, American actor (d. 2007)

• 1928 – Cécile Aubry, French actress

• 1928 – Henning Moritzen, Danish actor

• 1933 – Pat Crawford, Australian cricketer

• 1934 – Haystacks Calhoun, American professional wrestler (d. 1989)

• 1934 – Jonas Savimbi, Angolan political leader (d. 2002)

• 1934 – Michael Chapman, British classical bassoonist (d. 2005)

• 1935 – Georgi Shonin, Soviet cosmonaut (d. 1997)

• 1935 – Vic Vogel, Canadian pianist, composer and bandleader

• 1937 – Steven Berkoff, English actor

• 1937 – Roland Burris, American politician, junior senator of Illinois

• 1937 – Duncan Sharpe, Former Pakistani cricketer

• 1938 – Terry Wogan, Irish television presenter

• 1939 – Jimmy Nicol, English musician

• 1939 – Apoorva Sengupta, Indian cricketer

• 1940 – Lance Alworth, American football player

• 1940 – Martin Sheen, American actor

• 1941 – Beverly Lee, American singer (Shirelles)

• 1941 – Martha Stewart, American media personality

• 1944 – Nino Bravo, Spanish singer (d. 1973)

• 1945 – Eamon Dunphy, Irish footballer

• 1946 – Jack Straw, British politician

• 1946 – Syreeta Wright, American singer and songwriter (d. 2004)

• 1948 – Jean-Pierre Raffarin, Prime Minister of France

• 1950 – John Landis, American film director

• 1950 – Jo Marie Payton, American Actress

• 1951 – Marcel Dionne, Canadian ice hockey player

• 1951 – Jay North, American actor

• 1952 – Osvaldo Ardiles, Argentine footballer

• 1952 – Loles León, Spanish actress

• 1954 – Gary Peters, English footballer

• 1955 – Corey Burton, American voice actor

• 1956 – Abhisit Vejjajiva, Thai politician

• 1956 – Balwinder Sandhu, Indian cricketer

• 1958 – Ana Kokkinos, Greek/Australian film director

• 1958 – Lambert Wilson, French actor

• 1959 – John C. McGinley, American actor

• 1959 – Martin Atkins, English musician

• 1959 – Mike Gminski, American basketball player

• 1959 – Koichi Tanaka, Japanese scientist, Nobel laureate

• 1960 – Tim Mayotte, American tennis player

• 1960 – Gopal Sharma, Indian cricketer

• 1961 – Lee Rocker, American musician (Stray Cats)

• 1961 – Molly Hagan, American actress

• 1963 – James Hetfield, American musician (Metallica)

• 1963 – Ed Roland, American musician (Collective Soul)

• 1963 – Isaiah Washington, American actor

• 1963 – Lisa Ann Walter, American actress

• 1964 – Lucky Dube, South African reggae musician (d. 2007)

• 1964 – Nate McMillan, American basketball player and coach

• 1966 – Eric Esch, American boxer

• 1967 – Mathieu Kassovitz, French film director and screenwriter

• 1968 – Rod Beck, American baseball player (d. 2007)

• 1970 – Masahiro Sakurai, Japanese video game developer

• 1970 – Stephen Carpenter, American musician (Deftones)

• 1970 – Manmohan Waris, Punjabi Singer

• 1971 – Forbes Johnston, Scottish footballer (d. 2007)

• 1972 – Sandis Ozoliņš, Latvian ice hockey player

• 1973 – Jay Cutler, American bodybuilder

• 1973 – Nikos Dabizas, Greek footballer

• 1973 – Michael Ealy, American actor

• 1975 – Aryiro Strataki, Greek heptathlete

• 1976 – Troy Glaus, American baseball player

• 1977 – Tom Brady, American football player

• 1977 – Tómas Lemarquis, Icelandic actor

• 1977 – Óscar Pereiro, Spanish cyclist

• 1978 – Joi Chua, Singaporean female singer

• 1978 – Mariusz Jop, Polish footballer

• 1979 – Evangeline Lilly, Canadian model and actress

• 1980 – Dominic Moore, Canadian ice hockey player

• 1980 – Brandan Schieppati, American singer (Bleeding Through)

• 1983 – Mamie Gummer, American actress

• 1983 – Mark Reynolds, American baseball player

• 1984 – Jon Foster, American actor

• 1984 – Yasin Avci, Danish footballer

• 1984 – Ryan Lochte, American swimmer

• 1984 – Sunil Chetri, Indian footballer

• 1985 – Sonny Bill Williams, New Zealand rugby league footballer

• 1986 – Charlotte Casiraghi, Monegasque royalty

• 1987 – Kim Hyung Joon, Korean singer (SS501)

• 1993 – Yurina Kumai, Japanese singer

Deaths

• 1460 – King James II of Scotland (b. 1430)

• 1527 – Scaramuccia Trivulzio, Italian cardinal

• 1546 – Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, Italian architect (b. 1484)

• 1546 – Étienne Dolet, French scholar and printer (b. 1509)

• 1604 – Bernardino de Mendoza, Spanish military commander

• 1621 – Guillaume du Vair, French writer (b. 1556)

• 1667 – Francesco Borromini, Swiss sculptor and architect (b. 1599)

• 1712 – Joshua Barnes, English scholar (b. 1654)

• 1720 – Anthonie Heinsius, Dutch statesman (b. 1641)

• 1721 – Grinling Gibbons, Dutch-born woodcarver (b. 1648)

• 1761 – Johann Matthias Gesner, German classical scholar (b. 1691)

• 1773 – Stanisław Konarski, Polish writer (b. 1700)

• 1780 – Étienne Bonnot de Condillac, French philosopher (b. 1715)

• 1792 – Richard Arkwright, English industrialist and inventor (b. 1732)

• 1797 – Jeffrey Amherst, British military commander (b. 1717)

• 1805 – Christopher Anstey, English writer (b. 1724)

• 1835 – Wenzel Müller, Austrian composer and conductor (b. 1767)

• 1839 – Dorothea von Schlegel, German novelist (b. 1763)

• 1857 – Eugène Sue, French novelist (b. 1804)

• 1867 – Philipp August Böckh, German scholar and antiquarian (b. 1785)

• 1877 – William Butler Ogden, American politician, 1st Mayor of Chicago (b. 1805)

• 1879 – Joseph Severn, English painter (b. 1793)

• 1916 – Sir Roger Casement, Irish rebel (hanged) (b. 1864)

• 1917 – Ferdinand Georg Frobenius, German mathematician (b. 1849)

• 1924 – Joseph Conrad, Polish-born writer (b. 1857)

• 1925 – William Bruce, Former Australian cricketer (b. 1864)

• 1929 – Emile Berliner, German-born American telephone and recording pioneer (b. 1851)

• 1929 – Thorstein Veblen, American economist (b. 1857)

• 1942 – Richard Willstätter, German chemist, Nobel Prize Laureate (b. 1872)

• 1954 – Colette, French writer (b. 1873)

• 1958 – Peter Collins, English race car driver (b. 1931)

• 1964 – Flannery O'Connor, American writer (b. 1925)

• 1966 – Lenny Bruce, American comedian (b. 1925)

• 1972 – Giannis Papaioannou, Greek musician and composer (b. 1913)

• 1973 – Richard Marshall, U.S. Army general (b. 1895)

• 1977 – Alfred Lunt, American actor (b. 1892)

• 1977 – Makarios III, Archbishop and first President of Cyprus (b. 1913)

• 1979 – Bertil Ohlin, Swedish economist, Nobel Prize Laureate (b. 1899)

• 1983 – Carolyn Jones, American actress (b. 1930)

• 1990 – Betty Amann, German-born American actress (b. 1905)

• 1993 – Chinmayananda, Indian born Swami who spread the teachings of Vedanta (b. 1916)

• 1995 – Ida Lupino, English actress and director (b. 1914)

• 1995 – Edward Whittemore, American writer (b. 1933)

• 1997 – Pietro Rizzuto, Canadian politician (b. 1934)

• 1998 – Alfred Schnittke, Russian composer (b. 1934)

• 1999 – Byron Farwell, American military historian (b. 1921)

• 2001 – Christopher Hewett, British actor (b. 1922)

• 2002 – Carmen Silvera, British actress (b. 1922)

• 2003 – Roger Voudouris, American singer and songwriter (b. 1954)

• 2004 – Henri Cartier-Bresson, French photographer (b. 1908)

• 2005 – Françoise d'Eaubonne, French feminist (b. 1920)

• 2006 – Arthur Lee, American psychedelic rock musician (b. 1945)

• 2006 – Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, German-born British opera singer (b. 1915)

• 2007 – John Gardner, British author (b. 1926)

• 2008 – Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Russian writer (b. 1918)

• 2008 – Skip Caray, American TV and radio broadcaster (b. 1939)

• 2008 – Erik Darling, American folk singer/songwriter (b. 1933)

Holidays and observances

• Niger – Independence Day.

• Venezuela – Flag Day (since 2006)

• South India – Adiperukku

• Saint Nicodemus

• Translation of Saint Olaf of Norway, king, martyr [Norway]

• Invention of Saint Stephen

• Feast of Lydia of Thyatira sometimes called Lydia of Philippi