Events

• 1043 – Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.

• 1077 – The first Parliament of Friuli is created.

• 1559 – The Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis treaty is signed, ending the Italian Wars.

• 1834 – The generals in the Greek War of Independence stand trial for treason.

• 1860 – The first successful United States Pony Express run from Saint Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento, California begins.

• 1865 – American Civil War: Union forces capture Richmond, Virginia, the capital of the Confederate States of America.

• 1882 – American Old West: Jesse James is killed by Robert Ford.

• 1885 – Gottlieb Daimler is granted a German patent for his engine design.

• 1895 – Trial of the libel case instigated by Oscar Wilde begins, eventually resulting in his imprisonment on charges of homosexuality.

• 1917 – Vladimir Lenin arrives in Russia from exile, marking the beginning of Bolshevik leadership in the Russian Revolution.

• 1922 – Joseph Stalin becomes the first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

• 1929 – is ordered from John Brown & Company Shipbuilding and Engineering by Cunard Line.

• 1936 – Bruno Richard Hauptmann is executed for the kidnapping and death of Charles Augustus Lindbergh II, the baby son of pilot Charles Lindbergh.

• 1942 – World War II: Japanese forces begin an assault on the United States and Filipino troops on the Bataan Peninsula.

• 1946 – Japanese Lt. General Masaharu Homma is executed in the Philippines for leading the Bataan Death March.

• 1948 – President Harry S. Truman signs the Marshall Plan, authorizing $5 billion in aid for 16 countries.

• 1948 – In Jeju, South Korea, a civil-war-like period of violence and human rights abuses begins, known as the Jeju massacre.

• 1955 – The American Civil Liberties Union announces it will defend Allen Ginsberg's book Howl against obscenity charges.

• 1956 – Hudsonville-Standale Tornado: The western half of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan is struck by a deadly F5 tornado.

• 1968 – Martin Luther King Jr. delivers his "I've Been to the Mountaintop" speech.

• 1969 – Vietnam War: U.S. Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird announces that the United States will start to "Vietnamize" the war effort.

• 1973 – The first portable cell phone call is made in New York City, United States.

• 1974 – The Super Outbreak occurs, the biggest tornado outbreak in recorded history. The death toll is 315, with nearly 5,500 injured.

• 1975 – Bobby Fischer refuses to play in a chess match against Anatoly Karpov, giving Karpov the title of World Champion by default.

• 1982 – The United Kingdom sends a naval task force to the south Atlantic to reclaim the disputed Falkland Islands from Argentina.

• 1996 – Suspected "Unabomber" Theodore Kaczynski is arrested at his cabin in Montana, United States.

• 1996 – A United States Air Force airplane carrying United States Secretary of Commerce Ron Brown crashes in Croatia, killing all 35 on board.

• 1997 – The Thalit massacre begins in Algeria; all but 1 of the 53 inhabitants of Thalit are killed by guerrillas.

• 2000 – United States v. Microsoft: Microsoft is ruled to have violated United States antitrust laws by keeping "an oppressive thumb" on its competitors.

• 2004 – Islamic terrorists involved in the 11 March 2004 Madrid attacks are trapped by the police in their apartment and kill themselves.

• 2007 – Conventional-Train World Speed Record: a French TGV train on the LGV Est high speed line sets an official new world speed record.

• 2008 – ATA Airlines, once one of the 10 largest U.S. passenger airlines and largest charter airline, files for bankruptcy for the second time in 5 years and ceases all operations.

• 2009 – Australia formally adopts the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.

Births

• 1151 – Igor Svyatoslavich, Ukrainian prince (d. 1202)

• 1367 – King Henry IV of England (d. 1413)

• 1529 – Michael Neander, German mathematician and astronomer (d. 1581)

• 1593 – George Herbert, English poet and orator (d. 1633)

• 1643 – Charles V, Duke of Lorraine, general of the Holy Roman Empire (d. 1690)

• 1683 – Mark Catesby, English naturalist (d. 1749)

• 1693 – George Edwards, English naturalist (d. 1773)

• 1715 – William Watson, English physician and scientist (d. 1787)

• 1764 – John Abernathy, English surgeon (d. 1831)

• 1769 – Christian Günther von Bernstorff, Danish and Prussian statesman and diplomat (d. 1835)

• 1770 – Theodoros Kolokotronis, Greek general (d. 1843)

• 1783 – Washington Irving, American author (d. 1859)

• 1806 – Ivan Kireevsky, Russian literary critic and philosopher (d. 1856)

• 1814 – Lorenzo Snow, 5th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (the LDS or Mormon Church) (d. 1901)

• 1821 – T. Pelham Dale, Anglican clergyman prosecuted for Ritualist practices in the 1870s (d. 1892)

• 1822 – Edward Everett Hale, American writer (d. 1909)

• 1823 – William Marcy Tweed, American political boss (d. 1878)

• 1823 – George Horatio Derby, Early American humorist (d. 1861)

• 1880 – Otto Weininger, Austrian philosopher (d. 1903)

• 1881 – Alcide De Gasperi, Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1954)

• 1885 – Allan Dwan, Canadian-born American film director (d. 1981)

• 1885 – Bud Fisher, American cartoonist (d. 1954)

• 1889 – Grigoraş Dinicu, Romanian composer and violinist (d. 1949)

• 1893 – Leslie Howard, English actor (d. 1943)

• 1893 – Princess Maud of Fife (d. 1945)

• 1895 – Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco, Italian composer (d. 1968)

• 1897 – Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos, officer who served in World War I, the Minor Asia Campaign and World War II (d. 1989)

• 1898 – George Jessel, American comedian (d. 1981)

• 1898 – Henry Luce, American publisher (d. 1967)

• 1899 – David Jack, English footballer (d. 1958)

• 1904 – Iron Eyes Cody, American actor (d. 1999)

• 1904 – Sally Rand, American burlesque dancer (d. 1979)

• 1904 – Russel Wright, American industrial designer (d. 1976)

• 1905 – Robert Frederick Sink, United States Army Officer (d. 1965)

• 1911 – Stella Walsh, Polish Olympic athlete (d. 1980)

• 1913 – Per Borten, Premier of Norway (d. 2005)

• 1915 – Piet de Jong, Dutch politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1967 until 1971

• 1916 – Herb Caen, American newspaper columnist (d. 1997)

• 1918 – Louis Applebaum, Canadian composer, conductor and administrator (d. 2000)

• 1920 – John Demjanjuk, Ukrainian-born American auto worker, alleged Nazi

• 1920 – Stan Freeman, American composer and lyricist (d. 2001)

• 1921 – Robert Karvelas, American actor (d. 1991)

• 1921 – Darío Moreno, Turkish-Jewish singer and songwriter (d. 1968)

• 1921 – Jan Sterling, American actress (d. 2004)

• 1922 – Doris Day, American actress, singer and animal rights activist

• 1924 – Marlon Brando, American actor (d. 2004)

• 1925 – Tony Benn, British politician

• 1926 – Alex Grammas, American baseball player

• 1926 – Gus Grissom, American astronaut (d. 1967)

• 1928 – Don Gibson, American country musician (d. 2003)

• 1928 – Kevin Hagen, American actor (d. 2005)

• 1928 – Jennifer Paterson, English chef and TV personality (d. 1999)

• 1929 – Lee Leonard, American television personality

• 1929 – Poul Schlüter, Danish politician

• 1930 – Lawton Chiles, U.S. (Florida) Senator and Governor (d. 1998)

• 1930 – Helmut Kohl, Chancellor of Germany

• 1930 – Wally Moon, American baseball player

• 1933 – Bob Dornan, American politician

• 1934 – Jane Goodall, English zoologist

• 1936 – Scott LaFaro, American musician (d. 1961)

• 1936 – Jimmy McGriff, American jazz organist (d. 2008)

• 1938 – Jeff Barry, American songwriter and record producer

• 1939 – François de Roubaix, French film score composer (d. 1975)

• 1941 – Jan Berry, American musician (d. 2004)

• 1941 – Carl Boenish, American father of BASE jumping (d. 1984)

• 1941 – Eric Braeden, German-born actor

• 1941 – Philippé Wynne, American musician (d. 1984)

• 1942 – Marsha Mason, American actress

• 1942 – Wayne Newton, American singer

• 1942 – Marek Perepeczko, Polish actor (d. 2005)

• 1942 – Billy Joe Royal, American singer

• 1943 – Mario Lavista, Mexican composer

• 1943 – Jonathan Lynn, British actor and comedy writer

• 1943 – Richard Manuel, Canadian musician and songwriter (d. 1986)

• 1943 – Doreen Tracey, English-born Mouseketeer

• 1944 – Tony Orlando, American musician

• 1945 – Bernard Parent, Quebec ice hockey player

• 1945 – Catherine Spaak, French actress

• 1946 – Marisa Paredes, Spanish actress

• 1946 – Hanna Suchocka, Poland's first female prime minister

• 1948 – Arlette Cousture, French-Canadian writer

• 1948 – Carlos Salinas, President of Mexico

• 1949 – Lyle Alzado, American football player (d. 1992)

• 1949 – Anthony Grayling, British philosopher

• 1949 – Richard Thompson, English musician and songwriter

• 1950 – Sally Thomsett, English actress

• 1951 – Mick Mars, American musician, Mötley Crüe

• 1951 – Mel Schacher, American musician

• 1952 – Mike Moore, American politician and attorney

• 1953 – Craig Taubman, Jewish singer

• 1953 – Sandra Boynton, American greeting-card designer, illustrator, and author

• 1954 – Elisabetta Brusa, Italian composer

• 1955 – Hariharan, Indian singer

• 1956 – Miguel Bosé, Spanish musician and actor

• 1956 – Ray Combs, American game show host and comedian (d. 1996)

• 1956 – Boris Miljkovic, Serbian director

• 1958 – Alec Baldwin, American actor

• 1958 – Jaya Prada, Indian Actress

• 1959 – David Hyde Pierce, American actor

• 1960 – Arjen Anthony Lucassen, Dutch musician

• 1960 – Marie Denise Pelletier, Quebec singer

• 1961 – Eddie Murphy, American actor and comedian

• 1962 – Mike Ness, American musician

• 1962 – Jennifer Rubin, American actress

• 1963 – Criss Oliva, American musician (d. 1993)

• 1963 – Jack Del Rio, American football coach

• 1963 – Tsuyoshi Sekito, Japanese composer

• 1964 – Bjarne Riis, Danish cyclist

• 1964 – Andy Robinson, English rugby player

• 1965 – Nazia Hassan, South Asian pop singer (d. 2000)

• 1966 – Mina Tominaga, Japanese seiyu (voice actress)

• 1966 – John de Vries, Australian racing driver

• 1967 – Pervis Ellison, American basketball player

• 1967 – Brent Gilchrist, Canadian ice hockey player

• 1967 – Mark Skaife, Australian racing driver

• 1968 – Sebastian Bach, Canadian musician

• 1968 – Charlotte Coleman, English actress (d. 2001)

• 1968 – Jamie Hewlett, English illustrator

• 1969 – Lance Storm, Canadian wrestler

• 1971 – Picabo Street, American alpine ski champion

• 1972 – Jennie Garth, American actress

• 1972 – Sandrine Testud, French Top-10 tennis player

• 1973 – Jamie Bamber, English actor

• 1973 – Matthew Ferguson, Canadian actor

• 1975 – Shawn Bates, American ice hockey player

• 1975 – Michael Olowokandi, Nigerian basketball player

• 1975 – Aries Spears, American comedian

• 1975 – Yoshinobu Takahashi, Japanese baseball player

• 1975 – Koji Uehara, Japanese baseball player

• 1976 – Will Mellor, English actor

• 1976 – Drew Shirley, American musician (Switchfoot)

• 1978 – Matthew Goode, English actor

• 1978 – Tommy Haas, German tennis player

• 1978 – John Smit, South African rugby player

• 1979 – Grégoire, French singer-songwriter

• 1981 – Aaron Bertram, American musician

• 1981 – Matthew Nash, Australian footballer

• 1981 – Heath Ramsay, Australian Olympic swimmer

• 1981 – DeShawn Stevenson, American basketball player

• 1982 – Jared Allen, American football player

• 1982 – Fler, German rapper

• 1982 – Iain Fyfe, Australian footballer

• 1982 – Kasumi Nakane, Japanese gravure idol

• 1982 – Cobie Smulders, Canadian actress

• 1983 – Errol Barnett, English reporter , Angelique, my darling

• 1983 – Ben Foster, English footballer

• 1984 – Jonathan Blondel, Belgian footballer

• 1984 – Maxi López, Argentine footballer

• 1985 – Jari-Matti Latvala, Finnish rally driver

• 1985 – Leona Lewis, English singer

• 1986 – Amanda Bynes, American actress

• 1986 – Sergio Sánchez, Spanish footballer

• 1987 – Jay Bruce, American baseball player

• 1987 – Park Jung Min, Korean singer (SS501)

• 1987 – Julie Sokolow, American musician

• 1987 – Sal Zizzo, American footballer

• 1988 – Peter Hartley, English footballer

• 1988 – Tim Krul, Dutch footballer

• 1989 – Israel Falou, Australian Rugby League player

• 1994 – Nicholas Rommens, Canadian Lawn Mower Racer

Deaths

• 963 – William III, Duke of Aquitaine (b. 915)

• 1287 – Pope Honorius IV, Pope for two years from 1285 to 1287 (b. c. 1210)

• 1350 – Eudes IV, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1295)

• 1606 – Charles Blount, 1st Earl of Devon, English politician (b. 1563)

• 1680 – Shivaji, founder of the Maratha Empire, India (b. 1630)

• 1682 – Bartolomé Estéban Murillo, Spanish painter (b. 1618)

• 1691 – Jean Petitot, Swiss enamel painter (b. 1608)

• 1695 – Melchior d'Hondecoeter, Dutch painter (b. c. 1636)

• 1717 – Jacques Ozanam, French mathematician (b. 1640)

• 1728 – James Anderson, Scottish lawyer (b. 1662)

• 1792 – George Pocock, British admiral (b. 1706)

• 1804 – Jędrzej Kitowicz, Polish priest

• 1827 – Ernst Chladni, German physicist (b. 1756)

• 1838 – François Carlo Antommarchi, French physician (b. 1780)

• 1849 – Juliusz Słowacki, Polish poet (b. 1809)

• 1868 – Franz Berwald, Swedish composer and inventor (b. 1796)

• 1882 – Jesse James, American outlaw (b. 1847)

• 1897 – Johannes Brahms, German composer (b. 1833)

• 1901 – Richard D'Oyly Carte, British impresario (b. 1844)

• 1930 – Emma Albani, Canadian soprano (b. 1847)

• 1936 – Bruno Hauptmann, German killer of Charles Lindbergh III (b. 1899)

• 1941 – Pál Teleki, Prime Minister of Hungary (b. 1879)

• 1943 – Conrad Veidt, German actor (b. 1893)

• 1950 – Carter G. Woodson, African-American historian, author, journalist and founder of Black History Month (b. 1875)

• 1950 – Kurt Weill, German composer (b. 1900)

• 1952 – Miina Sillanpää, Finnish politician, first female Finnish minister (b. 1866)

• 1965 – Ernst Kirchweger, Austrian communist and resistance fighter

• 1971 – Joseph Valachi, American gangster (b. 1904)

• 1972 – Ferde Grofé, American composer (b. 1882)

• 1975 – Mary Ure, Scottish actress (b. 1933)

• 1978 – Ray Noble, English bandleader and composer (b. 1903)

• 1981 – Juan Trippe, Airline entrepreneur and pioneer, Pan Am founder (b. 1899)

• 1982 – Warren Oates, American character actor (b. 1928)

• 1986 – Peter Pears, English tenor (b. 1910)

• 1987 – Tom Sestak, American football player (b. 1936)

• 1988 – Milton Caniff, American cartoonist (Terry and the Pirates, Steve Canyon) (b. 1907)

• 1990 – Sarah Vaughan, American singer (b. 1924)

• 1991 – Charles Goren, American bridge player, writer, and columnist (b. 1901)

• 1991 – Graham Greene, English writer (b. 1904)

• 1993 – Pinky Lee, American comic and children's television host (b. 1907)

• 1994 – Frank Wells, American entertainment businessman (b. 1932)

• 1995 – Alfred J. Billes, Canadian businessman (Canadian Tire) (b. 1902)

• 1996 – Ron Brown, U.S. Secretary of Commerce (b. 1941)

• 1996 – Carl Stokes, Mayor of Cleveland, Ohio (b. 1927)

• 1998 – Mary Cartwright, English mathematician (b. 1900)

• 1999 – Lionel Bart, English composer (Oliver!) (b. 1930)

• 2000 – Terence McKenna, American writer and philosopher (b. 1946)

• 2002 – Fad Gadget, English singer and musician (b. 1956)

• 2003 – Michael Kelly, American journalist (b. 1957)

• 2004 – Gabriella Ferri, Italian singer (b. 1942)

• 2005 – Tony Croatto, Italian singer (b. 1940)

• 2005 – Jef Eygel, Belgian basketball player (b. 1933)

• 2007 – Marion Eames, Welsh novelist (b. 1921)

• 2007 – Eddie Robinson, American football coach (b. 1919)

• 2007 – Nina Wang, Asia's richest woman (b. 1937)

• 2008 – Hrvoje Ćustić, Croatian football player (b. 1983)

Holidays and observances

• Saint Richard (d. 1253)

• Saint Sixtus I

• Saint Mary of Egypt