The
Amarapura Nikaya is a
Sri Lankan monastic fraternity (a lineage of ordained monks) founded in 1800. It is named after the city of
Amarapura,
Myanmar (then
Burma), the former capital of the Burmese kingdom. Amarapura Nikaya monks are followers of the
Theravada tradition.
History
By the mid 18th century,
upasampada (higher ordination, as distinct from
samanera or
novice ordination) had become extinct in Sri Lanka again. The Buddhist order had become extinct thrice during the preceding five hundred years and was re-established in the reigns of Vimala Dharma Suriya I (1591 - 1604) and Vimala Dharma Suriya II (1687 - 1707) as well. These re-establishments were short lived. On the initiative of Ven. Weliwita Saranankara (1698-1778) the Thai monk
Upali Thera visited Kandy during the reign of king Kirti Sri Rajasinghe (1747 - 1782) and once again reestablished the Buddhist order in Sri Lanka in 1753. It was called the
Siyam Nikaya after the "Kingdom of Siam".
However in 1764, merely a decade after the re-establishment of the Buddhist order in Sri Lanka by reverend Upali, a group within the newly created
Siyam Nikaya conspired and succeeded in restricting the Nikaya's higher ordination only to the
Govigama caste. This was a period when Buddhist
Vinaya rules had been virtually abandoned and some members of the Buddhist Sangha in the Kandyan Kingdom privately held land, had wives and children, resided in the private homes and were called Ganinnanses. It was a period when the traditional nobility of the Kandyan Kingdom was decimated by continuous wars with the Dutch rulers of the Maritime Provinces. In the maritime provinces too a new order was replacing the old. Mandarampura Puvata, a text from the Kandyan perid, narrates the above radical changes to the monastic order and shows that it was not a unanimous decision by the body of the sangha. It says that thirty two ‘senior’ members of the Sangha who opposed this change were banished to
Jaffna by the leaders of the reform.
The Govigama exclusivity of the Sangha thus secured in 1764 was almost immediately challenged by other castes who without the patronage of the King of Kandy or of the
British, held their own
upasampada ceremony at Totagamuwa Vihara in 1772. Another was held at Tangalle in 1798. Neither of these ceremonies were approved by the
Siam Nikaya which claimed that these were not in accordance with the
Vinaya rules.
As a consequence of this ‘exclusively Govigama’ policy adopted in 1764 by the Siyam Nikaya, the Buddhists in the Maritime provinces were denied access to a valid ordination lineage. Hoping to rectify this situation, wealthy laymen from the maritime provinces financed an expedition to Burma to found a new monastic lineage. In 1799, Ambagahapitiye Gnanavimala Thera a monk from the
Salagama caste, from Balapitiya on the south western coast of Sri Lanka, departed for Burma with a group of novices to seek a new succession of Higher ordination. The first
bhikkhu was ordained in Burma in 1800 by the
sangharaja of Burma, his party having been welcomed to Burma by King
Bodawpaya.
The initial mission returned to Sri Lanka in 1803. Soon after their return to the island they established a
udakhupkhepa sima (a flotilla of boats moved together to form a platform on the water) at the
Maduganga river, Balapitiya and, under the most senior Myanmar bhikkhu who accompanied them, held an upasampada ceremony on Vesak Full Moon Day. The new fraternity came to be known as the
Amarapura Nikaya, from the then capital of Burma.
Several subsequent trips to Burma by
Karava and
Durava monks as well, created by 1810 a core group of ordained monks and provided the required quorum for Higher Ordination of Amarapura Nikaya monks in Sri Lanka. The higher ordination denied to them in 1764 by the Govigama conspirators had been regained and they were soon granted recognition by the colonial British government. However the radical change of ordination rules by the
Siyam Nikaya in 1764, and its continuance despite it being contrary to the teachings of the
Buddha, plagues the Sri Lankan Buddhist Sangha, and the Sangha remains divided on caste lines.
Significance
The establishment of the Amarapura Nikaya was significant because it singled a change in the social dyanmic of Buddhism in Sri Lanka. For the first time, a monastic lineage had been created not through royal patronage of a Buddhist king, but through the
collective action of a dedicated group of Buddhist laymen. The Amarapura Nikaya was thus both independent of government and royal power, and more closely tied to its patrons in the growing middle class. This presaged both the growing power of the middle class in Sri Lanka during the 19th and 18th Centuries, and the rise of so-called
Protestant Buddhism among the Sinhalese middle class- a modernized form of Buddhism in which increasing power and authority were vested in the laity, rather than monastic authorities.
Sub-orders
The Amarapura maha nikaya is divided into no less than 21 sub-orders. These sub orders are believed to have been formed along cast divisions
- Amarapura Sirisaddhammawansa Maha Nikaya
- Amarapura Mulawamsika Nikaya
- Amarapura Sabaragamu Saddhamma Nikaya
- Saddhamma Yutthika (Matara) Nikaya
- Dadalu Paramparayatta Amarapura Nikaya
- Amarapura Mrammawansabhidhaja
- Amarapura Vajirawansa Nikaya
- Kalyanavansika Sri Dharmarama Saddhamma Yuttika Nikaya
- Sri Lanka Svejin Maha Nikaya
- Sabaragamu Saddhammawansa Nikaya
- Amarapura Ariyavansa Saddhamma Yuttika Nikaya
- Udarata Amarapura Samagri Sangha Sabhawa
- Amarapura Sri Dhammarakshita Nikaya
- Udukinda Amarapura Nikaya
- Sambuddha Sasanodaya Sangha Sabhawa
See also
