Alexander III (
Medieval Gaelic:
Alaxandair mac Alaxandair; Modern Gaelic:
Alasdair mac Alasdair) (4 September 1241 – 19 March 1286),
King of Scots, was born at
Roxburgh, the only son of
Alexander II by his second wife
Marie de Coucy. Alexander's father died on 6 July 1249 and he became king at the age of eight, inaugurated at
Scone on 13 July 1249.
The years of his minority featured an embittered struggle for the control of affairs between two rival parties, the one led by
Walter Comyn,
Earl of Menteith, the other by
Alan Durward,
Justiciar of Scotia. The former dominated the early years of Alexander's reign. At the marriage of Alexander to
Margaret of England in 1251,
Henry III seized the opportunity to demand from his son-in-law homage for the Scottish kingdom, but Alexander did not comply. In 1255 an interview between the English and Scottish kings at
Kelso led to Menteith and his party losing to Durward's party. But though disgraced, they still retained great influence, and two years later, seizing the person of the king, they compelled their rivals to consent to the erection of a regency representative of both parties.
On attaining his majority at the age of 21 in 1262, Alexander declared his intention of resuming the projects on the
Western Isles which the death of his father thirteen years before had cut short. He laid a formal claim before the
Norwegian king
Haakon. Haakon rejected the claim, and in the following year responded with a formidable invasion. Sailing around the west coast of Scotland he halted off the
Isle of Arran, and negotiations commenced. Alexander artfully prolonged the talks until the autumn storms should begin. At length Haakon, weary of delay, attacked, only to encounter a terrific
storm which greatly damaged his ships. The
Battle of Largs (October 1263) proved indecisive, but even so, Haakon's position was hopeless. Baffled, he turned homewards, but died in Orkney on 15 December 1263. The Isles now lay at Alexander's feet, and in 1266 Haakon's successor concluded the
Treaty of Perth by which he ceded the
Isle of Man and the
Western Isles to Scotland in return for a monetary payment. Norway retained only
Orkney and
Shetland in the area. In 1284, Alexander invested the title of
Lord of the Isles in the head of the Macdonald family, Angus Macdonald, and over the next two centuries the Macdonald lords operated as if they were kings in their own right, frequently opposing the
Scottish monarch.
Alexander had married Princess
Margaret of England, a daughter of King
Henry III of England and
Eleanor of Provence, on 26 December 1251. She died in 1274, after they had three children:
According to the
Lanercost Chronicle, Alexander did not spend his decade as a widower alone: "
he used never to forbear on account of season nor storm, nor for perils of flood or rocky cliffs, but would visit none too creditably nuns or matrons, virgins or widows as the fancy seized him, sometimes in disguise."
Towards the end of Alexander's reign, the death of all three of his children within a few years made the question of the succession one of pressing importance. In 1284 he induced the
Estates to recognize as his heir-presumptive his granddaughter
Margaret, the "Maid of Norway". The need for a male heir led him to contract a second marriage to
Yolande de Dreux on 1 November 1285.
But the sudden death of the king dashed all such hopes. Alexander died in a fall from his horse in the dark while riding to visit the queen at
Kinghorn in
Fife on 19 March 1286, having spent the evening at Edinburgh Castle overseeing a meeting with royal advisors. He was advised by them not to make the journey over to Fife because of weather conditions, but travelled anyway. Alexander became separated from his guides and it is assumed that in the dark his horse lost its footing. The 44-year old king was found dead on the shore the following morning with a broken neck. Some texts have said that he fell off a cliff. Although there is no cliff at the site where his body was found there is a very steep rocky embankment - which would have been fatal in the dark. After Alexander's death, his strong realm was plunged into a period of darkness that would eventually lead to war with England. Had Alexander, who was a strong monarch, lived, things might have worked out differently . He was buried in
Dunfermline Abbey.
As Alexander left no surviving children the heir to the throne was his unborn child by Queen Yolande. When Yolande's pregnancy ended in a still-birth in November of 1286, Alexander's granddaughter Margaret became the heir. Margaret died, still uncrowned, on her way to Scotland in 1290. The inauguration of
John Balliol as king on 30 November 1292 ended the six years of
interregnum when the
Guardians of Scotland governed the land.
Ancestry
See also
Sources
- Scott, Robert McNair. Robert the Bruce: King of Scots, 1996
by secret
Category:Scottish monarchsCategory:House of DunkeldCategory:Medieval GaelsCategory:People from the Scottish BordersCategory:Deaths by horse-riding accidentCategory:Medieval child rulersCategory:1241 birthsCategory:1286 deathsCategory:Accidental human deaths in ScotlandCategory:13th-century Scottish peoplebr:Aleksandr III (roue Bro-Skos)bg:Александър III (Шотландия)ca:Alexandre III d'Escòciacy:Alexander III, brenin yr Albande:Alexander III. (Schottland)es:Alejandro III de Escociafr:Alexandre III d'Écossegd:Alasdair III na h-Albait:Alessandro III di Scoziahe:אלכסנדר השלישי, מלך סקוטלנדla:Alexander III (rex Scotiae)nl:Alexander III van Schotlandja:アレグザンダー3世 (スコットランド王)no:Aleksander III av Skottlandpl:Aleksander III (król Szkocji)pt:Alexandre III da Escóciaru:Александр III (король Шотландии)simple:Alexander III of Scotlandfi:Aleksanteri III (Skotlanti)sv:Alexander III av Skottlanduk:Александр III (король Шотландії)zh:亚历山大三世 (苏格兰)
