Events

By place

Rome

• 3 September—Battle of Naulochus: Octavian's fleet, under the command of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa defeats the forces of the rebel Sextus Pompeius, Lepidus, who faint heartedly came to support Octavian, lost his army to Octavian when his men mutinied, and was then kept in luxurious captivity in Rome until his death.

• Antony launches major offensive against the Parthians, but this bogs down when he fails to take Phraaspa, and he loses many men to disease and starvation in the subsequent retreat to Egypt, marries Cleopatra and is still married to Octavia.

• Judea: Aristobulus III, the last of the Hasmoneans, becomes High Priest in Jerusalem, replacing Ananelus, who had only held the position for one year.

Asia

• October–December—the Han Dynasty Chinese army under General Chen Tang and General Gan Yanshou defeat the Xiongnu leader Zhizhi Chanyu in the Battle of Zhizhi. This led to half a century of peace between the Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu until Wang Mang enraged them in the year 10, resuming hostilities between both sides.

Births

• Ptolemy Philadelphus, son of Cleopatra VII of Egypt and Mark Antony (d. 29 BC)

• Vipsania Agrippina, daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Pomponia Caecilia Attica (d. AD 20)

Deaths

• Zhizhi Chanyu