Napoleon crosses the Alps.

Events of 1800

• World population was nearing 1 billion people, at 978 million. The 1 billion milestone will not be accomplished until 2 years later, in 1802. The population distribution by region:

• *Africa: 107,000,000

• *Asia: 635,000,000

• **China:300–400,000,000

• *Europe: 203,000,000

• *Latin-America: 24,000,000

• *Northern America: 7,000,000

• *Oceania: 2,000,000

January–March

• February 13 – The Bank of France is founded

• March 14 – Cardinal Barnaba Chiaramonti succeeds Pius VI as Pius VII, the 251st pope.

• March 20 – Alessandro Volta describes his new invention, the voltaic pile, the first chemical battery, in a letter to the Royal Society.

April–June

• April – Voting begins in the United States presidential election, 1800; it will last until October. The result is not announced until February 1801.

• April 24 – The U.S. Library of Congress is founded.

• May 5 – Great Britain passes the Act of Union to join Great Britain and Ireland into the United Kingdom (to take effect on 1 January 1801). The act is signed by King George III in August.

• May 15 – Napoleon Bonaparte crosses the Alps and invades Italy.

• June 2 – First smallpox vaccination is made in North America, at Trinity, Newfoundland.

• June 14 – Battle of Marengo: Napoleon defeats the Austrian troops near Marengo, Italy.

July–September

• September 5 – At the invitation of the Maltese, British troops liberate the Islands of Malta and Gozo from the French.

• September 30 – The Convention of 1800, or Treaty of Mortefontaine, is signed between France, Britain, and the United States of America, ending the Quasi-War.

October–December

• November 1

• *U.S. President John Adams becomes the first President of the United States to live in the Executive Mansion (later renamed the White House).

• *Middlebury College is granted its charter by the Vermont General Assembly.

• November 17 – The U.S. Congress holds its first Washington, D.C. session.

• December 3 – Battle of Hohenlinden: the French army defeats German troops.

• December 24

• *An assault on Napoleon Bonaparte fails in Paris.

• *Pierre Coudrin and Henriette Aymer de la Chevalerie found the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary in Paris.

Ongoing events

• French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802)–Second Coalition/Egyptian Campaign

• Napoleonic Wars (1799–1815)–Second Coalition/Egyptian Campaign

Births

January–June

• January 1 – Francis Egerton, 1st Earl of Ellesmere (d. 1857)

• January 6 – Anna Maria Hall, Irish writer (d. 1889)

• January 7 – Millard Fillmore, 13th President of the United States (d. 1874)

• January 11 – Anyos Jedlik, Hungarian physicist, the inventor of the Dynamo (d.1895)

• January 12 – George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon, English diplomat and statesman (d. 1870)

• January 14 – Ludwig von Köchel, Austrian musicologist (d. 1877)

• January 17 – Caleb Cushing, American statesman and diplomat (d. 1879)

• January 24 – Edwin Chadwick, English social reformer (d. 1890)

• January 26

• *Johann Gerhard Oncken, German Baptist preacher (d. 1884)

• *Elizabeth Ann Whitney, Mormon leader (d. 1882)

• January 27 – John Evelyn Denison, 1st Viscount Ossington, English statesman (d. 1875)

• *Lewis Carroll, English author (d.1898)

• February 1 – Brian Houghton Hodgson, English civil servant (d. 1894)

• February 6 – Achille Devéria, French painter and lithographer (d. 1857)

• February 9

• *Hyrum Smith, American religious leader (d. 1844) j

• *Joseph von Führich, Austrian painter (d. 1876)

• February 11 – William Fox Talbot, English photographic pioneer (d. 1877)

• February 12 – John Edward Gray, British zoologist (d. 1875)

• February 23 – William Jardine, Scottish naturalist (d. 1874)

• February 26

• *Lucius Lyon, U.S. statesman (d. 1851)

• *John Baptist Purcell, U.S. (Irish-born) archbishop (d. 1883)

• March 2 – Evgeny Baratynsky, Russian poet (d. 1844)

• March 3 – Heinrich Georg Bronn, German geologist and paleontologist (d. 1862)

• March 4 – William Price, British physician and eccentric (d. 1893)

• *Victor Aimé Huber, German social reformer (d. 1869)

• *George Hudson, English railway financier (d. 1871)

• March 12 – Louis Prosper Gachard, Belgian man of letters (d. 1885)

• March 13 – Koca Mustafa Reşid Pasha, Turkish statesman and diplomat

• March 16 – Emperor Ninko of Japan (d. 1846)

• March 17 – Rudolf Ewald Stier, German Protestant churchman and mystic (d. 1862)

• March 20

• *Braulio Carrillo Colina, Costa Rican head of state and politician (d. 1845)

• *Gottfried Bernhardy, German philologist and literary historian (d. 1875)

• March 25

• *Alexis Paulin Paris, French scholar and author (d. 1881)

• *Ernst Heinrich Karl von Dechen, German geologist and mineralogist (d. 1889)

• March 28 – Johann Georg Wagler, German herpetologist (d. 1832)

• April 2 – Andrzej Artur Zamoyski, Polish nobleman (d. 1874)

• April 4 – Tokugawa Nariaki, Japanese daimyo of Mito (d. 1860)

• April 15 – James Clark Ross, British naval officer and explorer (d. 1862)

• April 16

• *Jakob Heine, German orthopaedist (d. 1879)

• *George Bingham, 3rd Earl of Lucan, British soldier (d. 1888)

• April 29 – Hiram Cronk, last surviving veteran of the War of 1812 (d. 1905)

• May 1 – James Black, creator of the original Bowie knife (d. 1870)

• May 4 – John McLeod Campbell, Scottish churchman (d. 1872)

• May 5 – Louis Christophe François Hachette, French publisher (d. 1864)

• May 6 – Roman Sanguszko, Polish noble (d. 1881)

• May 8 – Armand Carrel, French writer (d. 1836)

• May 9

• *John Brown, American abolitionist (d. 1859)

• *Samuel Carter Hall, English journalist (d. 1889)

• May 30 – Karl Wilhelm Feuerbach, German geometer (d. 1827)

• June 1 – Charles Fremantle, Royal Navy officer (d. 1869)

• June 2 – Nicholas P. Trist, secretary to Andrew Jackson (d. 1874)

• June 3 – Gustaw Potworowski, Polish activist (d. 1860)

• June 17 – William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse, Irish astronomer (d. 1867)

• June 23 – Karol Marcinkowski, Polish physician and social activist (d. 1846)

• June 30 – Richard Bethell, 1st Baron Westbury, Lord Chancellor of Great Britain (d. 1873)

Deaths

January–June

• January 1 – Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton, French Naturalist (b. 1716)

• January 6

• *William Jones, English divine (b. 1726)

• *Friedrich Adolf Riedesel, German soldier (b. 1738)

• January 9 – Jean Étienne Championnet, French general (b.1762)

• January 13 – Dempsey Burges, Republican U.S. Congressman (b. 1751)

• January 20 – Thomas Mifflin, fifth President of the United States in Congress assembled under the Articles of Confederation (b. 1744)

• January 22 – George Steevens, English Shakespearean commentator (b. 1736)

• January 23 – Edward Rutledge, U.S. statesman (b. 1749)

• February 2 – James C. Jarvis, United States Navy officer (b. 1787)

• February 23 – Joseph Warton, English academic and literary critic (b. 1722)

• March – Joseph de Guignes, French orientalist (b. 1721)

• March 1 – John Hazelwood, officer in the Continental Navy (b. 1726)

• March 13 – Nana Phadnavis, Maratha statesman (b. 1742)

• March 14 – Daines Barrington, English naturalist (b. 1727)

• March 21 – William Blount, U.S. statesman (b. 1749)

• March 29 – Marc René, marquis de Montalembert, French military engineer and writer (b. 1714)

• April 13 – Kazimierz Poniatowski, Polish nobleman (b. 1721)

• April 25

• *Ezekiel Cornell, Continental Congressman from Rhode Island (b. 1732)

• *William Cowper, English poet (b. 1731)

• May 4 – Armand, duc d'Aiguillon (b. 1750)

• May 7 – Niccola Piccinni, Italian composer (b. 1728)

• May 18 – Alexander Suvorov, Count of Rymnik (b. 1729)

• May 23 – Henry Cort, English ironmaster (b. 1740)

• June 14

• *Louis Charles Antoine Desaix, French military leader of weirdness (killed in battle) (b. 1768)

• *Jean Baptiste Kléber, French general (assassinated) (b. 1753)

• June 20 – Abraham Gotthelf Kästner, German mathematician (b. 1719)

• June 24 – Charles Stewart, American revolutionary (b. 1729)

• June 28 – Théophile Corret de la Tour d'Auvergne, Grenadier officer in the French army (b. 1743)

• June 30 – Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney, British politician (b. 1732)

July–December

• July 14 – Lorenzo Mascheroni, Italian mathematician (b. 1750)

• July 18 – John Rutledge, governor of South Carolina (b. 1739)

• August 24 – Rawlins Lowndes, American lawyer and jurist (b. 1721)

• August 25 – Elizabeth Montagu, English literary critic (b. 1720)

• August 31 – John Blair, American politician (b. 1732)

• September 2 – Maciej Radziwiłł, Polish nobleman (b. 1749)

• September 26 – William Billings, American choral composer (b. 1746)

• September 27 – William Gibbons, American lawyer and revolutionary (b. 1726)

• September 29 – Michael Denis, Austrian poet (b. 1729)

• October 4 – Johann Hermann, German physician and naturalist (b. 1738)

• October 10 – Gabriel Prosser, American slave revolutionary

• October 16 – Benjamin Huntington, American lawyer and politician (b. 1736)

• October 28 – Artemas Ward, American Major General in the American Revolutionary War and a Congressman from Massachusetts (b. 1727)

• November 5 – Jesse Ramsden, English astronomical instrument maker (b. 1735)

• November 14 – François Claude Amour, marquis de Bouillé, French general (b. 1739)

• November 30 – Charles Adams, second son of John Adams, the 2nd President of the United States (b. 1770)

• November 30 – Matthew Robinson, 2nd Baron Rokeby, English eccentric nobleman (b. 1712)

• December 7 – Wilhelm von Knyphausen, Hessian Lieutenant-General (b. 1716)

• December 17 – William Peery, American farmer and lawyer (b. 1743)

• December 26 – Mary Robinson, English poet (b. 1756)

• December 27 – Hugh Blair, Scottish Presbyterian preacher and man of letters (b. 1718)

• date unknown

• *Jean-Baptiste Audebert, French artist and naturalist

• *Samuel Barrington, British admiral (b. 1729)

• *Thomas Conway, Irish soldier (b. 1734)

• *George Dixon, English sea captain and explorer (b. 1755)

• *Charles Johnstone, Irish writer (b. 1719)

• *Aleksander August Zamoyski, Polish nobleman