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16th century
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200px|thumb|[[Martin Luther at age 46 ( Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1529)]] As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century lasted from 1501 to 1600. During the 16th century, Spain and Portugal explored and conquered the world seas. Latin America became a Spanish colony, while Portugal became the master of the Indian Ocean. In Europe, the Protestant Reformation gave a major blow to the authority of the Papacy and the Roman Catholic Church. European politics became dominated by religious conflicts, with the groundwork for the epochal Thirty Years' War being laid towards the end of the century. In the Middle East, the Ottoman Empire continued to expand, with the Sultan taking the title of Caliph, while dealing with a resurgent Persia. Iran and Iraq were caught by major popularity of the once-obscure Shiite sect of Islam under the rule of the Safavid dynasty of warrior-mystics, providing grounds for a Persia independent of the majority- Sunni Muslim world. China evacuated the coastal areas, because of Japanese piracy. Japan was suffering under a severe civil war at the time. Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great tried to reconcile the major religions by founding a new religion, Din-i-Ilahi. Akbar was convinced that no religion has the absolute truth. EventsUndated1500–1509thumb|The [[David (Michelangelo)|Statue of David, completed by Michelangelo in 1504, is one of the most renowned works of the Renaissance.]] thumb|Gun-wielding Ottoman [[Janissaries and defending Knights of Saint John at the Siege of Rhodes in 1522, from an Ottoman manuscript.]] right|thumb|Spanish conquistadors with their Tlaxcallan allies fighting against the Otomies of Metztitlan in present day Mexico, a 16th century codex. 1510s- 1513: Machiavelli writes The Prince, a treatise about political philosophy
- 1519: Wang Yangming, the Chinese philosopher and governor of Jiangxi province, describes his intent to use the fire power of the fo-lang-ji, a breech-loading Portuguese culverin, in order to suppress the rebellion of Prince Zhu Chen-hao.
thumb|[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain.]] 1520s- 1521: After building fortifications at Tuen Mun, the Portuguese attempt to invade Ming Dynasty China, but are expelled by Chinese naval forces.
- 1524 – Giovanni da Verrazzano is the first European to explore the Atlantic coast of North America between South Carolina and Newfoundland.
1530sthumb|[[Hans Holbein the Younger, c.1536–1537, Henry VIII, King of England and Ireland.]] 1540s- 1548: The Ming Dynasty government of China issues a decree banning all foreign trade and closes down all seaports along the coast; these Hai jin laws came during the Wokou wars with Japanese pirates.
thumb|An old Japanese painting depicting the Warring States period (1467–1615)./" class="wiki">battle of Kawanakajima during the Warring States period (1467–1615). 1550s- 1551: North African pirates enslave the entire population of the Maltese island Gozo, between 5,000 and 6,000, sending them to Libya.
- 1556: Publication in Venice of Delle Navigiationi et Viaggi (terzo volume) by Giovanni Battista Ramusio, secretary of Council of Ten, with plan La Terra de Hochelaga, an illustration of Native American village Hochelaga. See
- 1556–1605: During his reign, Akbar expands the Mughal Empire in a series of conquests.
- 1558–83: Livonian War between Poland, Grand Principality of Lithuania, Sweden, Denmark and Russia.
thumb|170px|Suleiman the Magnificent 1494–1566. 1560sthumb|right|School of [[François Clouet, c. 1560–1561, Mary, Queen of Scots.]] - 1562: Mughal leader Akbar reconciles the Muslim and Hindu factions by marrying into the powerful Rajput Hindu caste.
1570sthumb|200px|right|Oda Nobunaga. 1580sthumb|George Gower, c. 1588, [[Queen regnant|Queen Elizabeth I of England]] 1590sSignificant peoplethumb|200px|[[Juan Martínez de Jáuregui y Aguilar, Miguel de Cervantes, c.1610]] thumb|200px|[[Raphael, Baldassare Castiglione, c.1519]] thumb|200px|The Frick Collection, New York/" class="wiki">Hans Holbein the Younger, Portrait of Sir Thomas More, 1527, oil on wood, 74.2 x 59 cm, The Frick Collection, New Yorkthumb|200px|John Calvin- Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (sometimes known as Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam) (October 27, 1466/1469, Rotterdam– July 12, 1536 Basel was a Dutch Renaissance humanist and Catholic Christian theologian.
- Paracelsus (11 November or 17 December 1493 in Einsiedeln, Switzerland – 24 September 1541 in Salzburg, Austria), Renaissance physician, botanist, alchemist, astrologer, and general occultist.
- Andreas Vesalius, anatomist, physician, and author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy, De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body).(1514–1564)
- Andrea Amati, (c. 1520 – c. 1578) was the earliest maker of violins whose instruments still survive today.
- Elizabeth I of England, central figure of the Elizabethan era (1533 – 1603). She was the granddaughter of the aforementioned Henry VII, daughter of Henry VIII and paternal half-sister of Mary I. Though some within her court thought of her merely as a bastard, due to the fact that her father executed her supposedly criminal mother Anne Boleyn, her reign is still considered one of the greatest ever in England's history.
- Andrea Palladio (November 30, 1508 – August 19, 1580), one of the most influential architect of the Western architecture
Exploration- Luis Váez de Torres (c. 1565–1607) Spanish or Portuguese navigator. Explored the Pacific for the Spanish crown.
Visual artists- Tintoretto (real name Jacopo Comin; September 29, 1518 – May 31, 1594)
- El Greco (1541 – April 7, 1614) was a painter, sculptor, and architect of the Spanish Renaissance
- Sinan (1489 – 1588) was a civil engineer and chief architect of the Ottoman Empire
Musicians and Composers- Emilio de' Cavalieri (c. 1550–March 11, 1602)
Literature- Bâkî, Ottoman Turkish poet. He was known as "Sultan of poets" (1526 – 1600)
Science and Philosophy- Emery Molyneux (died June 1598), was an Elizabethan maker of globes, mathematical instruments and ordnance. His terrestrial and celestial globes, first published in 1592, were the first to be made in England and the first to be made by an Englishman.
- Andreas Vesalius (Brussels, December 31, 1514 – Zakynthos, October 15, 1564) was an anatomist, physician, and author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy, De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body). Vesalius is often referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy.
Inventions, discoveries, introductions- The letter J is introduced into the English alphabet.
- 1543: Copernicus publishes his theory that the Earth and the other planets revolve around the Sun
See also
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