Events of 1565

January–June

• January 26 – The Battle of Talikota, a watershed battle fought between the Vijayanagara Empire and the Deccan sultanates. The last Hindu kingdom in South India ended.

March 1: Rio de Janeiro.

• February 13 – Spanish Conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi lands with his troops on the shores of Cebu Island in the Philippine archipelago.

• March 1 – The city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is founded.

• April 27 – Cebu City (originally named San Miguel) is established by López de Legazpi, becoming the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines.

• May 18 – Ottoman troops land on the island of Malta, beginning The Great Siege of Malta.

• June 17 – Matsunaga Hisahide assassinates the 13th Ashikaga shogun, Ashikaga Yoshiteru.

July–December

• July 29 – Queen Mary I of Scotland, widowed, marries Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley.

• August 28 – St. Augustine, Florida (named after St. Augustine), is established. It is the oldest remaining European settlement in the United States.

• September 4 – The Spanish fleet of Pedro Menéndez de Avilés lands on modern-day Florida to oust the French under Jean Ribault. He later destroys the French colony of Fort Caroline.

• September 8 – Pedro Menéndez de Avilés settles in St. Augustine, Florida.

• September 11 – The Knights of Malta lift the Turkish Siege of Malta (started on May 18).

Undated

• In Russia, it is the beginning of the Oprichnina.

• The pencil is first documented by Conrad Gesner.

• John Beddoes School is founded.

Births

• April 2 – Cornelis de Houtman, Dutch explorer (d. 1599)

• May 15 – Hendrick de Keyser, Dutch architect and sculptor (d. 1621)

• August 16 – Christina, Grand Duchess of Tuscany (d. 1637)

• September 28 – Alessandro Tassoni, Italian poet and writer (d. 1635)

• October 6 – Marie de Gournay, French writer (d. 1645)

• November 10 – Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, English nobleman and politician (d. 1601)

• November 10 – Laurentius Paulinus Gothus, Swedish theologian and astronomer (d. 1646)

• date unknown

• *Reza Abbasi, Persian painter and calligrapher (d. 1635)

• *Edward Blount, English printer

• *Ferdinando Gorges, English colonial entrepreneur (d. 1647)

• *John Davies of Hereford, Welsh poet (d. 1618)

• *Francis Meres, English churchman and author (d. 1647)

• *Pedro Fernández de Quirós, Portuguese seaman and explorer (d. 1614)

• *John Spottiswoode, Archbishop of St. Andrews (d. 1639)

• *Francis Tanfield, Governor of the South Falkland colony

• *Edmund Whitelocke, English soldier and courtier (d. 1608)

• *Robert Wintour, English conspirator (d. 1606)

• probable

• *Gregor Aichinger, German composer (d. 1628)

• *George Kirbye, English composer (d. 1634)

• *Duarte Lobo, Portuguese composer (d. 1646)

Deaths

• January 19 – Diego Laynez, Jesuit theologian (b. 1512)

• March 17 – Alexander Ales, Scottish theologian (b. 1500)

• May 14 – Nicolaus von Amsdorf, German Protestant reformer (b. 1483)

• May 28 – Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł, Polish magnate (b. 1515)

• June 12 – Adrianus Turnebus, French classical scholar (b. 1512)

• June 17 – Ashikaga Yoshiteru, Japanese shogun (b. 1536)

• August – Jacques Buus, Flemish composer and organist (b. 1500)

• September 13 – William Farel, French evangelist (b. 1489)

• September 20 – Cypriano de Rore, Flemish composer and teacher (b. 1515)

• October 4 – Pier Paolo Vergerio, Italian reformer (b. 1498)

• October 5 – Lodovico Ferrari, Italian mathematician (b. 1522)

• October 12 – Jean Ribault, French explorer and colonizer (b. 1520)

• October 14 – Thomas Chaloner, English statesman and poet (b. 1521)

• October 22 – Jean, Vicomte d'Aguisy Grolier de Servieres, French bibliophile (b. 1479)

• December 9 – Pope Pius IV (b. 1499)

• December 13 – Conrad Gessner, Swiss naturalist (b. 1516)

• date unknown

• *Kat Ashley, governess of Elizabeth I of England

• *Yadegar Mokhammad of Kazan, last khan of Kazan Khanae te

• *Lope de Rueda, Spanish writer (b. c. 1510)

• *Paweł Tarło, canon of Krakow